The Pivotal Role of Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma Pathophysiology

Table 5

Mitogenic factors for human ASM cells.

Classification	References
Growth factors/cytokines/chemokines
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	[211]
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)	[212]
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)	[213]
Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α (TNFSF2)	[214]
Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 (controversial)	[215, 216]
CCL3, 5, 11	[186]
CXCL8	[186]
Inflammatory mediators
Histamine	[217]
Endothelin-1	[218]
Thromboxane A2	[219]
Sphingosine 1-phosphate	[220]
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)	[221]
Enzymes
Tryptase	[164]
Thrombin	[222]
Elastase	[223]
Matrix metalloproteinases	[224]
ECM components
Fibronectin	[225]
Collagen I	[225]
Others
Reactive oxygen species	[226]
Mechanical stress	[227]
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)	[228]