Structural and functional organization of Cdc48. (a) Cdc48 consists of the conserved N-terminal domain (N), two conserved AAA ATPase domains (D1 and D2), and the C-terminal domain (C). The numbers refer to the amino acid positions within the protein in yeast and human Cdc48, respectively. Cofactors associated with the N and C domains are listed. Yeast proteins, nearly all of which have human homologues, are highlighted in italics. (b) The active Cdc48 is a ring-shaped hexamer. (c) Cdc48 and its cofactors assemble in a Swiss army knife manner.
