Acute Effects of an Energy Drink on Myocardial Function Assessed by Conventional Echo-Doppler Analysis and by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography on Young Healthy Subjects

Table 2

Clinical and echocardiographic data after energy drink assumption (𝑛=35).

	Baseline	Energy drink	Relative change %	𝑃 value
HR (bpm)	67.1±9.3	67.7±9	1	0.69
SBP (mmHg)	118.2±11.8	121.3±10.3	3	0.35
DBP (mmHg)	77±7.9	81.5±9.3	6	0.07
LVEF (%)	63.2±4.3	66.1±4.5	5	0.01
Aortic CW (m/s)	1.14±0.18	1.26±0.17	9	0.01
MAPSE (mm)	15.6±1.6	17.2±1.8	11	<0.001
TAPSE (mm)	21.7±2.9	25±3.5	15	<0.0001
GLS (%)	−20.5±2.2	−22.5±3.2	10	0.004
LA global PALS (%)	42.5±9.7	40.9±6.5	3	0.41
RA global PALS (%)	44.3±8.1	42.1±9.3	2	0.54
Global RVLS (%)	−23.2±3.8	−24.9±3.9	8	0.001
Free wall RVLS (%)	−28.7±5.9	−30.3±6.1	5	0.01
LV twisting (degrees)	10.9±4.1	13.5±6.3	22	<0.0001
Mitral 𝐸 (cm/s)	0.9±0.1	0.9±0.1	0	0.8
Mitral 𝐴 (cm/s)	0.54±0.1	0.53±0.1	2	0.46
Mitral 𝑆^′ (cm/s)	0.09±0.02	0.09±0.02	0	0.33
Mitral 𝐸^′ (cm/s)	0.17±0.02	0.17±0.03	0	0.94
Mitral 𝐴^′ (cm/s)	0.08±0.02	0.08±0.02	0	0.80
Mitral 𝐸/𝐸^′ (cm/s)	5.3±1.05	5.07±1.3	4	0.21
Tric 𝑆^′ (cm/s)	0.13±0.02	0.13±0.01	0	0.71
Tric 𝐸^′ (cm/s)	0.15±0.03	0.16±0.03	0	0.66
Tric 𝐴^′ (cm/s)	0.1±0.03	0.1±0.02	0	0.88

HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EF: ejection fraction; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; 𝐸: early transmitral flow velocity; 𝐴: atrial transmitral flow velocity; 𝑆^′: systolic mitral annular velocity; 𝐸^′: early diastolic mitral annular velocity; MAPSE: mitral annular plane systolic excursion; TAPSE: tricuspidal annulus plane systolic excursion; GLS: global longitudinal strain; RVLS: right ventricular longitudinal strain; PALS: peak atrial longitudinal strain.