We study the robustness of strong stability of the homogeneous difference equation via the concept of strong stability radii: complex, real and positive radii in this paper. We also show that in the case of positive systems, these radii coincide. Finally, a simple example is given.
1. Introduction
Motivated by many applications in control engineering,
problems of robust stability of dynamical systems have attracted a lot of
attention of researchers during the last twenty years. In the study of these
problems, the notion of stability radius was proved to be an effective tool,
see [1–5]. In this paper, we study the robustness of strong
stability of the homogeneous difference equation under parameter perturbations.
The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we recall some results on nonnegative matrices and present
preliminary results on homogeneous equations for later use. In Section 3, we
study a complex strong stability radius under multiperturbations. Next,
we present some results on strong stability radii of the positive class
equations under parameter perturbations. It is shown that complex, real, and
positive strong stability radii of positive systems coincide. More important,
estimates and computable formulas of these stability radii are also derived.
Finally, a simple example is given.
2. Preliminaries
2.1. Nonnegative Matrices
We first
introduce some notations. Let be positive integers, a matrix is said to be nonnegative () if all its entries are nonnegative. It is said to be positive () if all its entries are positive. For , means that .
The set of all nonnegative -matrices is denoted by .
A similar notation will be used for vectors. Let or ,
then for any and ,
we define and by .
For any matrix the spectral radius and the spectral abscissa
of is defined by and ,
respectively, where is the spectrum of .
We recall some useful results, see [6].
A norm on is said to be monotonic if it satisfiesIt can be shown that a vector
norm on is monotonic if and only if for all ,
see [7]. All norms on we use in this paper are assumed to be
monotonic.
Theorem 2.1 (Perron-Frobenius). Suppose that .
Then (i) is an eigenvalue of and there is a nonnegative eigenvector such that .(ii)If and then the algebraic multiplicity of is not greater than the algebraic multiplicity
of the eigenvalue .(iii)Given ,
there exists a nonzero vector such that if and only if .(iv) exists and is nonnegative if and only if .Theorem 2.2. Let .
If then
2.2. Homogeneous Difference Equations
Consider the
neutral differential difference equation of the following form:where is linear continuous defined
byHere each is an -matrix, each is a constant satisfying and and is defined by .
Recall that there is a strictly close relation between the asymptotic behavior
of solutions of (2.3) and that of associated linear homogeneous difference
equationsor equivalently,A study of the asymptotic
behavior of solutions of system (2.6) plays a fundamental role in understanding
the asymptotic behavior of solutions of linear neutral differential equations
of the form (2.3), see [8].
We recall the definition in [8]: the operator or system (2.6) is called stable if the zero
solution of (2.6) with is uniformly asymptotically stable.
Associated with system (2.6) we define the
quasipolynomialFor ,
if , then is called a characteristic root of the
quasipolynomial matrix (2.7). Then, a nonzero vector satisfying is called an eigenvector of corresponding to the characteristic root .
We set ,
the spectral set of (2.7), and ,
the spectral abscissa of (2.7). The following lemma is a well-known result in
[8].
Theorem 2.3. System
(2.6) is stable if and only if .It is well known that is not continuous in the delays ,
see [9]. One
consequence of the noncontinuity is that arbitrarily small perturbations on the
delays may destroy stability of the difference equation. This has led to the
introduction of the concept of strong stability in Hale and Verduyn Lunel
[10].
Definition 2.4. System (2.6) is strongly stable in the delays if it is stable for each .The concept of strong stability has interested
many researchers as in [8–13] and references therein. Now
we recall a result in [10].
Theorem 2.5. The following statements are
equivalent:
(i)system (2.6) is strongly stable,(ii).We set and .
Since is continuous in ,
we imply the continuity of the following function defined byMoreover, by the compactness of
the set ,
there exists such thatBy the above result, we can get
the following statement: system (2.6) is strongly stable if and only
if
3. Main Results
3.1. Complex Strong Stability Radius
Suppose that
system (2.6) is strongly stable. Now we assume that each matrix is subjected to the perturbation of the
formwhere are given matrices defining the structure of
the perturbations and are unknown matrices, .
We write the perturbed systemDefinition 3.1. Let
system (2.6) be strongly stable. The complex, real, and positive strong stability
radii of system (2.6) under perturbations of the form (3.1) are defined
byrespectively, we set .If system (2.6) is strongly stable, we define a
function by .
It is easy to see that is well-defined. For any ,
we setTheorem 3.2. Let system (2.6) be strongly stable. Then we have
(i)(ii)in
particular, if (or ) for all ,
then we haveProof. Let be a destabilizing disturbance. Then there
exists such that .
This means that there exists a nonzero vector satisfyingThis follows
thator equivalently,Choose such that .
Multiplying the above equation with ,
we obtainThis implies
thatFrom this inequality and the
definition of ,
the left-hand inequality of (i) follows:Now it remains to prove the
right-hand inequality of (i): Indeed, for any ,
and ,
there exists nonzero vector such that and .
By Hahn-Banach theorem, there exists satisfying and .
We define a matrix by settingNow we construct the disturbance defined by It is easy to check that .
Moreover, we havewhere .
This means that is a destabilizing disturbance.
Thus,The proof of (i) is complete, and (ii) can be obtained directly from (i).
In general, the complex, real, and positive radius are
distinct, see [4, 5]. Theorem 3.2 reduces the computation of the complex
strong stability radius to a global optimization problem with many variations
while the problem for the real stability radius is much more difficult, see
[5]. It is therefore
natural to investigate for which kind of systems these three radii coincide.
The answer will be found in the next section.
3.2. Strong Stability Radii of Positive Systems
In this
section, we restrict system (2.6) to be positive, that is, are nonnegative for all .Lemma 3.3. Let .
Then we have
(i);(ii),Proof. (i) By Theorem 2.2, we have
(ii) the positivity of can be implied by Theorem 2.1. The right-hand
inequality can be obtained by the following formula:This completes the proof.
It is important to note from above lemma that under
positivity assumptions, system (2.6) is strongly stable if and only if .
Lemma 3.4. Suppose
that system (2.6) is positive and strongly stable. Then, for any ,
we have Proof. For any ,
we have .
Thus, for an arbitrary vector ,By Lemma 3.3, we have .
Thus, we implyTheorem 3.5. Let system (2.6) be strongly stable and positive. Assume
that all are nonnegative matrices. If or ,
then where .Proof. By Theorem 3.2, we
haveMoreover, using Lemma 3.4, we
getSince ,
we only need to prove thatIndeed, for any ,
since is a nonnegative matrix, there exists
nonnegative vector such that and .
Using Krein-Rutman theorem, see [14], there exists satisfying and .
We define a nonnegative matrix by settingNow we construct the positive
disturbance defined by It is easy to check that .
Moreover, we havewhere .
It means that is a destabilizing disturbance.
ThusThe proof is complete.
Now we turn to a different perturbation structure and
assume that each matrix is subjected to perturbations of the
formwhere are given matrices defining the structure of
the perturbations and are unknown scalars representing parameter
uncertainties. So we can write the perturbed systemDefinition 3.6. Let
system (2.6) be strongly stable. The complex, real, and positive strong stability
radii of system (2.6) under perturbations of the form (3.31) are defined
byrespectively, we set ,
and ,
where .Lemma 3.7. Suppose system (2.6) is strongly
stable, positive and .
Then Proof. Because ,
we only need to prove that Indeed, for a destabilizing disturbance ,
there exist a and a nonzero vector such thatThis yieldsBy Theorem 2.1, we
getIt means that is also a destabilizing disturbance. Thus, by
the definition of complex and real radii, .
The proof is complete.Theorem 3.8. Suppose system (2.6) is strongly stable, positive and .
Then where .Proof. By Lemma 3.7, we only need to prove
thatTo do it, taking arbitrary
destabilizing disturbance ,
by Lemma 3.3 and Theorem 2.1, there exist a and a nonzero vector such thator equivalently,This yieldsThen, we haveUsing Theorem 2.1 again, we
obtainor equivalently,Thus, from the definition of ,
one hasOn the other hand, setting .
Then, by Theorem 2.1, there exists a nonnegative vector satisfyingThis is equivalent
toHence,This means that