Research Article

Efficient Big Integer Multiplication and Squaring Algorithms for Cryptographic Applications

Algorithm 1

Right-to-left binary exponentiation, .
Input: positive integers and .
Output:
(1) Set and .
(2) While do the following:
(2.1) If is odd then .       // multiplication if   .
(2.2) Set .
(2.3) If    then .       //   multiplication.
(3) Return .