Abstract

This paper is concerned with a delay logarithmic population model. Under proper conditions, we employ a novel proof to establish a criterion on guaranteeing the existence and global exponential stability of positive almost periodic solutions for the model. Moreover, an example and its numerical simulation are given to illustrate the main results.

1. Introduction

In the classic study of population dynamics, the dynamical analysis of logarithmic population model has attracted a great attention of many mathematicians and biologists in recent years. It is well known that the environment is varying periodically with time in many realistic systems and the parameters of the system usually change along with time periodically. So it is reasonable to study periodic solution for logarithmic population model and its modified model with periodic coefficients. There exist some results on the existence of periodic solution for the model; see, for example, [1–8]. Compared with periodic effects, almost periodic effects are more frequent (see [9–12]). Hence, it is of great importance to consider the dynamical behaviors of logarithmic population model with almost periodically varying coefficient. Recently, by utilizing the continuation theorem and contraction mapping principle, some criteria have been established to prove the existence and local exponential stability of positive almost periodic solutions for delay logarithmic population model and its generalized modification in the literature; see [13–17]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature considering the existence and global exponential stability of positive almost periodic solutions problem for delay logarithmic population model.

Inspired by the above discussions, in this paper, we consider the following delay logarithmic population equation: which was proposed by Gopalsamy [18] to describe a model of single species population. Here is the size of population, is the growth rate while there are plenty of resources and there is no intraspecific competition for these resources, is the measure of the competition among the individuals, is added to generalize the model with the same interpretation of competitive effects, and is a maturation delay in the sense that competition involves adults who have matured by an age of units.

A primary purpose of this paper is to consider the existence and global exponential stability of positive almost periodic solutions of (1). A new approach will be developed to obtain a delay-independent condition for the global exponential stability of the positive almost periodic solutions of (1).

For convenience, we introduce some notations. Given a bounded continuous function defined on , let and be defined as It will be assumed that , , are continuous almost periodic functions. Let denote the nonnegative real number space, let be the continuous functions space equipped with the usual supremun norm , and let .

Due to the biological interpretation of model (1), only positive solutions are meaningful and therefore admissible. Thus we just consider admissible initial conditions

Let ; then (1) and admissible initial conditions (3) can be rewritten in the form Obviously, model (1) has a unique positive almost periodic solution which is globally exponentially stable if and only if system (4) has a unique almost periodic solution which is globally exponentially stable.

2. Preliminary Results

In this section, some lemmas and definitions will be presented, which are of great significance in proving our main results in Section 3.

Definition 1 (see [9, 10]). Let be continuous in . is said to be almost periodic on if, for any , the set for all is relatively dense; that is, for any , it is possible to find a real number , and for any interval with length , there exists a number in this interval such that , for all .
From the theory of almost periodic functions in [9, 10], it follows that, for any , it is possible to find a real number , and for any interval with length , there exists a number in this interval such that for all .

Lemma 2. Suppose that and is a solution of (4) with initial conditions satisfying (5) and the following condition: Then, for in the interval of existence

Proof. Assume, by way of contradiction, that (8) does not hold. Then suppose that there exists such that Calculating the upper left-hand derivative of , it follows from (4) and (9) that which is contradictory and shows that (8) holds.

Remark 3. By virtue of the boundedness of this solution, from the theory of functional differential equations in [19], it follows that the solution of system (4) with initial conditions (7) can be defined on .

Lemma 4. Let hold. Assume that is a solution of (4) with initial condition such that (7) is satisfied. Then for any , there exists , such that every interval contains at least one number for which there exists which satisfies

Proof. Define a continuous function by setting Then, we have which implies that there exist two constants and such that For , we add the definition of with . Set By Lemma 2, the solution is bounded and which implies that the right side of (4) is also bounded, and is a bounded function on . Thus, in view of the fact that for , we obtain that is uniformly continuous on . From (6), for any , there exists , such that every interval , , contains a for which Recall that is the same as the one mentioned in (14).
Let . For , denote Then, for all , we get Calculating the left upper derivative of yields Let It is obvious that and that is nondecreasing.
Now, we distinguish two cases to finish the proof since and are both possible.
Case  1. Consider the following: We claim that Assume, by way of contradiction, that (23) does not hold. Then, there exists such that . Since there must exist such that which contradicts (22). This contradiction implies that (23) holds. It follows that there exists such that
Case  2. There is a that . Then, in view of (14) and (20), we get which yields that For any , with the same approach as that in deriving of (28), we can show if .
On the other hand, if and , we can choose such that which, together with (29), yields With a similar argument as that in the proof of Case  1, we can show that which implies that In summary, there must exist such that holds for all . The proof of Lemma 4 is now complete.

3. Main Results

In this section, we establish sufficient conditions on the existence and global exponential stability of almost periodic solutions of (4).

Theorem 5. Under the assumptions of Lemma 4, (4) has at least one almost periodic solution .

Proof. Let be a solution of (4) with initial conditions satisfying the assumptions in Lemma 4. We also add the definition of with for all . Set where is any sequence of real numbers. By Lemma 4, the solution is bounded and which implies that the right side of (4) is also bounded, and is a bounded function on . Thus, in view of the fact that for , we obtain that is uniformly continuous on . Then, from the almost periodicity of , and , we can select a sequence such that Since is uniformly bounded and equiuniformly continuous, by Arzala-Ascoli lemma and diagonal selection principle, we can choose a subsequence of , such that (for convenience, we still denote by ) uniformly converges to a continuous function on any compact set of , and
In the sequel, we prove that is a solution of (4). In fact, for any and , from (36), we have where . Consequently, (38) implies that Therefore, is a solution of (4).
Then, we prove that is an almost periodic solution of (4). From Lemma 4, for any , there exists , such that every interval contains at least one number for which there exists which satisfies Then, for any fixed , we can find a sufficient large positive integer such that for any , Let ; we obtain which implies that is an almost periodic solution of (4). This completes the proof.

The following result implies that (4) has a unique almost periodic solution.

Theorem 6. Suppose that all conditions in Theorem 5 are satisfied. Then (4) has an almost periodic solution which is globally exponentially stable.

Proof. Theorem 5 tells us that (4) has at least one almost periodic solution. Let be one of them. We show that is globally exponentially stable. Let be an arbitrary solution of (4) and define , where . Then We consider the Lyapunov functional Calculating the upper left derivative of along the solution of (43), we have We claim that Contrarily, there must exist such that Together with (45) and (47), we obtain Thus, which contradicts with (14). Hence, (46) holds. It follows that This completes the proof of Theorem 5.