Solid Phase Microextraction and Related Techniques for Drugs in Biological Samples

Table 1

HSPME for analysis of different drug components.

Drug	Disease	Fiber type	Sample matrix	Analytical method	Reference
Dichlorobenzene	Damage to the liver and the kidneys	Polydimethylsiloxane	Human blood	GC/MS	[160]
Illegal drugs (acetylated amphetamine, secobarbital, phenobarbital, methadone, propoxyphene, imipramine, acetylated codeine, flunitrazepam, diacetylated morphine)	Polyacrylate	(In situ) derivatisation; (acetylation or silylation)	Urine/serum	GC/MS	[88]
Thymol	Food/pharmaceuticals	Polydimethylsiloxane-; divinylbenzene crimped fiber	Human plasma	GC/MS	[161]
Amphetamine-related drugs	Abused drugs	Polydimethylsiloxane	Human urine	GC/MS	[162]
Rivastigmine	Symptomatic treatment of; mild to moderate dementia	Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene; (pdms/dvb) or polydimethylsiloxane; (pdms)	Canine plasma	GC/MS	[163]
Menthol	Flavouring agent	65 µm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB)-coated fibers	Plasma/urine of rats	GC/MS	[90]
Ephedrine, methamphetamine	Anaesthesia; psychoactive drug	Sol-gel	Human urine	GC	[34]
Asarones	Antiepileptic drugs	Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 65 𝜇mm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), 65 𝜇mm carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB), 75 𝜇mm carboxen poly(dimethylsiloxane) (CAR/PDMS),; 85 𝜇mm polyacrylate (PA),	Plasma	GC/MS	[164]
Paeonol	Eczema	100 µm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 65 𝜇m polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB), 65 𝜇m carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW-DVB), 75 𝜇m carboxen poly(dimethylsiloxane) (CAR-PDMS), and 85 𝜇m polyacrylate (PA) were purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA).	Rabbit plasma /essential oil	GC/MS	[165]
Fentanyl	Surgical analgesia and sedation	Sol-gel technology	Human plasma	GC/MS	[166]
Diisopropylfluorophosphate	Miotic agent in treatment of chronic glaucoma	65 mm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene; (pdms/dvb)	Rat plasma/brain tissue	GC/MS	[167]
Some phenothiazine derivatives	Antipsychotics; (major tranquilizers),; antiparkinsonism drugs, antihistaminics	100 𝜇m PDMS, 85 𝜇m polyacrylate, 65 𝜇m; PDMS/divinylbenzene (DVB), 65 𝜇m Carbowax (CW)/DVB, 85 𝜇m stableflex carboxen (CAR)/PDMS, and 50/30 𝜇m stableflex DVB/CAR/PDMS	Human blood	GC/NPD	[168]
Methadone	Analgesic	Nanostructured a-carboxy; Polypyrrole (ppy-𝛼-COOH)	Plasma/urine	GC/FID	[169]
Ethyl glucuronide	Promising biomarker of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure	100 𝜇m polydimethylsiloxane; red and black fibers	Human placenta	GC/MS	[170]
Ranitidine	Prescribed	Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane	Solid state	GC/MS	[171]
Volatile organic metabolites	volatile organic metabolites	Pdms, pdms/dvb, cw/dvb,; Pa, car/pdms, and dvb/car/pdms	Mentha ×piperita L	GC/qMS	[172]
E. coli BL21	Antimicrobial agents	For example, 100 𝜇m PDMS, 65 𝜇m; DVB/PDMS, 75 𝜇m CAR/PDMS,; and 50/30 𝜇m CAR/PDMS/DVB	Cell metabolism	GC/MS	[173]