Diagnosing Perioperative Cardiovascular Risks in Noncardiac Surgery Patients

Table 1

Biomarker-associated measurements, risk factors, and guidelines.

Biomarker	Risks	Measurement	Probe	Limit of detection	Advantage/disadvantage	Clinical guide	Reference
BNP	Decrease in blood pressure	Immunofluorescent	Antibody	400 pg/L	Comparatively less sensitive	Monitor carefully with heart surgery patients	[29]
NT-proBNP	Decrease in blood pressure	Immunofluorescent	Antibody	10 ng/L	Good marker for surgery patients	Monitor carefully with heart surgery patients	[29]
ProBNP	Decrease in blood pressure	Immunofluorescent	Antibody	3 ng/L	Good marker for surgery patients	Monitor carefully with heart surgery patients	[29]
Troponin I	Heart attack	Electrochemical	Aptamer	30 pg/mL	Standard biomarker	Treatment for cardiac muscle damage	[30]
Troponin T	Contraction of skeletal and heart muscle and myocardial injury	Electrochemical	Antibody	1 pg/mL	Standard biomarker	Treatment for cardiac muscle damage	[31]
C-reactive protein	Inflammation in the arteries of the heart.	SPR	Antibody	10 pg/mL	Best target to predict the mortality with other markers.	Controlled diet and cholesterol level	[32]
Troponin I	Heart attack	Electrochemical	Antibody	1 pg/mL	Standard biomarker	Treatment for cardiac muscle damage	[31]
C-reactive protein	Inflammation in the arteries of the heart	SPR	Aptamer	10 pM	Comparatively less sensitive	Controlled diet and cholesterol level	[33]
C-reactive protein	Inflammation in the arteries of the heart	Voltammetry	Antibody	10 fM	High-sensitive. Biomarker for perioperative cardiovascular risk	Controlled diet and cholesterol level	[34]
Lactate dehydrogenase	Tissue damage	Amperometric	Aptamer and antibody	1 μM	High specificity due to the aptamer	Treatment for enzyme regulation	[35]
High sensitivity troponin	Future heart attack	Electron mobility transistor	Aptamer and antibody	6 pg/mL	High specificity due to the aptamer	Treatment for cardiac muscle damage	[36]
BNP	Decrease in blood pressure	Electrochemical	Antibody	1 pg/mL	Good marker for surgery patients	Monitor carefully with heart surgery patients	[31]

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); surface plasmon resonance (SPR).