Balance, Sensorimotor, and Cognitive Performance in Long-Year Expert Senior Ballroom Dancers
Table 1
Comparison of cognitive, posture, balance and sensorimotor status of ED and CG.
Variables
ED
(Range)
CG
(Range)
-score
value
Effect size
Age (years)
(66–77)
(61–94)
−0.345
0.730
Female (%)
54.55
78.94
0.121
Education-level (schoolyears)
(8–12)
(6–13)
−0.696
0.486
Everyday competence (ECQ)
(9.13–12.28)
(5.04–12.59)
−2.996
0.003
1.34
Cognition
RSPM1
(15–23.5)
(7–28)
−2.776
0.006
1.04
Geriatric-concentration-test (AKT)
(51.30–55)
(47–55)
−4.997
≤0.001
0.21
Reaction times
Multiple choice reaction times (ms), L
(541.75–795.84)
(581.01–1081.17)
−2.294
0.022
1.03
Multiple choice reaction times (ms), R
(551.69–745.10)
(580.51–1012.44)
−2.195
0.028
1.02
Posture&balance
Romberg test (s), eyes open
(60–60)
(7.22–60)
−3.951
≤0.001
3.36
Romberg test (s), eyes closed
(7.22–60)
(2–42)
−1.250
0.211
0.38
Standing-turn (steps)
(2–8)
(3–8)
−1.765
0.078
0.78
Standing-turn (s)
(1–4)
(1.77–5.09)
−2.815
0.005
1.28
Up&go (s)
(4–6)
(5.54–8.54)
−3.819
≤0.001
3.02
Motor Performance
Hand-arm steadiness
Steadiness (error), L
(3–61)
(0–54)
−0.394
0.694
0.07
Steadiness (error), R
(3–45)
(0–71)
−1.475
0.140
0.17
Control Precision
Aiming (error), L
(0–3)
(0–5)
−1.584
0.113
0.26
Aiming (error), R
(0–2)
(0–6)
−2.808
0.005
1.18
Aiming (s), L
(6.81–15.75)
(7.19–18.37)
−0.760
0.447
0.30
Aiming (s), R
(6.50–12.26)
(7.96–17.11)
−1.889
0.059
0.71
Pin plugging (s), L
(42.92–90.92)
(37.64–62.45)
−0.086
0.932
0.49
Pin plugging (s), R
(35.59–51.56)
(37–64.64)
−2.343
0.019
0.87
Rate of wrist movement
Tapping (hits), L
(134–202)
(102–207)
−1.902
0.057
0.73
Tapping (hits), R
(134–215)
(107–230)
−0.748
0.454
0.16
Tactile performance
Touch-threshold (mN), LID
(0.12–0.56)
(0.08–0.54)
−0.775
0.438
0.08
Touch-threshold (mN), RID
(0.12–0.95)
(0.08–0.94)
−1.035
0.301
0.09
2-Point-discrimination-threshold (mm), LID
(1.90–3.67)
(2.20–4.64)
−2.515
0.012
0.96
2-Point-discrimination-threshold (mm), RID
(1.86–4.55)
(2.89–4.58)
−2.434
0.015
0.92
ED: expert dancer, CG: control group; L: left hand, R: right hand; LID: left index finger, RID: right index finger. Values are means, SEM. 1Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, subset of 30 items.
