Relationship of Physical Performance with Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Individuals over 60 Years of Age: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Summary of studies of the relationship between physical performance (PP) and bone mineral density (BMD).

Author, year	Participants	𝑁 (% of women)	Age (years, Mean (SD))	Weight (kg)^aMean (SD)	Height (cm)^aMean (SD)	BMD measure^b	PP measures	Findings
Madsen et al. 2000	Community dwelling elderly	47 (100)	80.3 (7.0)	60.0 (11.3)	156 (6)	Leg, lumbar spine	Walking speed	NS
Foley et al. 1999	Community dwelling elderly	104 (70)	71.0 (5.3, F) 72.4 (4.0, M)	71.7 (15.8)	160.7 (4.6)	Femur	HGS	Weak (𝑟^2=0.06)
Cauley et al. 2005	The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS)	5995 (0)	73.7 (5.9)	83.1 (13.3)	174.1 (6.8)	Femur and lumbar	Walking speed, STS, and HGS	Positive (STS and HGS)NS (Walking speed)
Tang et al. 2007	Elderly living in veterans’ home in Taiwan	368 (0)	78.8 (4.1)	62.9 (10.4)	162.6 (5.9)	Calcaneus bone with Soundscan	6-min walking distance	Positively graded association across the quartile
Sun et al. 2009	Community-dwelling elderly women in Japan (200)	200 (100)	65+	23.1 (3.2, BMI)		QUS	Usual and maximum walking speed	Positive (𝑟=0.24 with usual walking speed and .26 with maximum walking speed)
Taaffe et al. 2003	Health ABC study	3041 (52)	74.2 (7)	28.9 (6, BMI)		Femoral neck and trochanter	STS, 6-m walking speed and OLS	Positive (graded association)
Lindsey et al. 2005	Healthy postmenopausal women	116 (100)	68.3 (6.8)	67.9±11.0	161.8 (6.5)	Femoral neck, hip and total	normal and brisk 8 m walking speed, normal step length, brisk step length, OLS, STS, and HGS	Positive (r^2 ranged from 0.19 to 0.38)
Taaffe et al. 2001	Health ABC Study	2619 (51)	73.6 (2.9)	27.1 (4.5, BMI)		Upper limb, lower limb, total	HGS	Positive (𝑟=0.26, 0.17 and 0.15 with upper limb BMD, lower limb BMD and total BMD resp.)
Orwoll et al. 1996	Study of Osteoporotic Fractures	5405 (100)	73.8 (5.3)	66.4 (12.5)	159.2 (6.0)	Distal radius and femoral neck	HGS	Positive
Kritz-Silverstein and Barrett-Conner, 1994	Postmenopausal Caucasian women aged 65 years and older living in Southern California	649 (100)	65+	N/A	N/A	Single-photon absorptiometry for upper limb and DXA for lumbar and spine	HGS	Positive (nondominant arms; r^2 ranged from 0.15 to 0.28)
Bauer et al. 1993	Nonblack women recruited from four clinical centers	9704 (100)	71.6 (5.3)	67.3 (12.6)	159 (6.0)	Distal radius from Osteoanalyzer	HGS	Positive (5 kg increase with 4.9% increase in distal radius bone mass (95% CI [4.1, 5.6])
Bevier et al. 1989	Healthy active men and women living in Palo Alto, California	91 (0)	70 (0.7)	70.1 (1.4)	165.8 (1.0)	Radius and lumbar	HGS	Positive (𝑟=0.28 to 0.42)
Kärkkäinen et al. 2009	606 Finnish elderly women	606 (100)	68.0 (1.8)	28.8 (4.7, BMI)		Hip and lumbar spine	OLS, HGS, Walking speed, STS	Positive (Hip BMD, r^2 ranged from 0.16 to 0.23; Lumbar BMD, 𝑟^2=0.16, 𝑃<.05 with OLS and HGS only)

SD: standard deviation; BMD: bone mineral density; M: male; F: female; STS: sit-to-stand; OLS: one-leg-stance; HGS: handgrip strength; N/A:  not available, no data; NS: not significant.
^aIf there is no information on weight and height, BMI is noted instead.
^bAll BMDs were measured by DXA if not otherwise noted.