Relationship of Physical Performance with Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Individuals over 60 Years of Age: A Systematic Review
Table 2
Summary of studies of the relationship between physical performance (PP) and bone mineral density (BMD).
Author, year
Participants
(% of women)
Age (years, Mean (SD))
Weight (kg)aMean (SD)
Height (cm)aMean (SD)
BMD measureb
PP measures
Findings
Madsen et al. 2000
Community dwelling elderly
47 (100)
80.3 (7.0)
60.0 (11.3)
156 (6)
Leg, lumbar spine
Walking speed
NS
Foley et al. 1999
Community dwelling elderly
104 (70)
71.0 (5.3, F) 72.4 (4.0, M)
71.7 (15.8)
160.7 (4.6)
Femur
HGS
Weak ()
Cauley et al. 2005
The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS)
5995 (0)
73.7 (5.9)
83.1 (13.3)
174.1 (6.8)
Femur and lumbar
Walking speed, STS, and HGS
Positive (STS and HGS)NS (Walking speed)
Tang et al. 2007
Elderly living in veterans’ home in Taiwan
368 (0)
78.8 (4.1)
62.9 (10.4)
162.6 (5.9)
Calcaneus bone with Soundscan
6-min walking distance
Positively graded association across the quartile
Sun et al. 2009
Community-dwelling elderly women in Japan (200)
200 (100)
65+
23.1 (3.2, BMI)
QUS
Usual and maximum walking speed
Positive ( with usual walking speed and .26 with maximum walking speed)
Taaffe et al. 2003
Health ABC study
3041 (52)
74.2 (7)
28.9 (6, BMI)
Femoral neck and trochanter
STS, 6-m walking speed and OLS
Positive (graded association)
Lindsey et al. 2005
Healthy postmenopausal women
116 (100)
68.3 (6.8)
161.8 (6.5)
Femoral neck, hip and total
normal and brisk 8 m walking speed, normal step length, brisk step length, OLS, STS, and HGS
Positive (r2 ranged from 0.19 to 0.38)
Taaffe et al. 2001
Health ABC Study
2619 (51)
73.6 (2.9)
27.1 (4.5, BMI)
Upper limb, lower limb, total
HGS
Positive (, 0.17 and 0.15 with upper limb BMD, lower limb BMD and total BMD resp.)
Orwoll et al. 1996
Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
5405 (100)
73.8 (5.3)
66.4 (12.5)
159.2 (6.0)
Distal radius and femoral neck
HGS
Positive
Kritz-Silverstein and Barrett-Conner, 1994
Postmenopausal Caucasian women aged 65 years and older living in Southern California
649 (100)
65+
N/A
N/A
Single-photon absorptiometry for upper limb and DXA for lumbar and spine
HGS
Positive (nondominant arms; r2 ranged from 0.15 to 0.28)
Bauer et al. 1993
Nonblack women recruited from four clinical centers
9704 (100)
71.6 (5.3)
67.3 (12.6)
159 (6.0)
Distal radius from Osteoanalyzer
HGS
Positive (5 kg increase with 4.9% increase in distal radius bone mass (95% CI [4.1, 5.6])
Bevier et al. 1989
Healthy active men and women living in Palo Alto, California
91 (0)
70 (0.7)
70.1 (1.4)
165.8 (1.0)
Radius and lumbar
HGS
Positive ( to 0.42)
Kärkkäinen et al. 2009
606 Finnish elderly women
606 (100)
68.0 (1.8)
28.8 (4.7, BMI)
Hip and lumbar spine
OLS, HGS, Walking speed, STS
Positive (Hip BMD, r2 ranged from 0.16 to 0.23; Lumbar BMD, , with OLS and HGS only)
SD: standard deviation; BMD: bone mineral density; M: male; F: female; STS: sit-to-stand; OLS: one-leg-stance; HGS: handgrip strength; N/A: not available, no data; NS: not significant.
aIf there is no information on weight and height, BMI is noted instead.
bAll BMDs were measured by DXA if not otherwise noted.