Copyright © 2011 Erin K. Howie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. L. Arriola, P. Martinez-Camblor, N. Larrañaga et al., “Alcohol intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in the Spanish EPIC cohort study,” Heart, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 124–130, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
2. J. W. J. Beulens, A. Algra, S. S. Soedamah-Muthu, F. L. J. Visseren, D. E. Grobbee, and Y. van der Graaf, “Alcohol consumption and risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease and diabetes mellitus: the Second Manifestations of ARTerial (SMART) disease study,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 212, no. 1, pp. 281–286, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
3. J. M. Gaziano, T. A. Gaziano, R. J. Glynn et al., “Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the physicians' health study enrollment cohort,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 96–105, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. L. R. Harriss, D. R. English, J. L. Hopper et al., “Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular mortality accounting for possible misclassification of intake: 11-year follow-up of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study,” Addiction, vol. 102, no. 10, pp. 1574–1585, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
5. A. L. Klatsky and N. Udaltsova, “Alcohol drinking and total mortality risk,” Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. S63–S67, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. A. Sadakane, T. Gotoh, S. Ishikawa, Y. Nakamura, and K. Kayaba, “Amount and frequency of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality in a Japanese population: the JMS cohort study,” Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 107–115, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. I. Suh, B. J. Shaten, J. A. Cutler, and L. H. Kuller, “Alcohol use and mortality from coronary heart disease: the role of high- density lipoprotein cholesterol,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 116, no. 11, pp. 881–887, 1992. View at Scopus
8. W. Sun, C. M. Schooling, W. M. Chan, K. S. Ho, T. H. Lam, and G. M. Leung, “Moderate alcohol use, health status, and mortality in a prospective Chinese elderly cohort,” Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 396–403, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
9. M. J. Thun, R. Peto, A. D. Lopez et al., “Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 24, pp. 1705–1714, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
10. S. G. Wannamethee and A. G. Shaper, “Lifelong teetotallers, ex-drinkers and drinkers: mortality and the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in middle-aged British men,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 523–531, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. M. A. Collins, E. J. Neafsey, K. J. Mukamal et al., “Alcohol in moderation, cardioprotection, and neuroprotection: epidemiological considerations and mechanistic studies,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 206–219, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
12. A. L. Klatsky, “Alcohol and cardiovascular health,” Physiology and Behavior, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 76–81, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
13. A. Di Castelnuovo, S. Costanzo, M. B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and G. de Gaetano, “Prevention of cardiovascular risk by moderate alcohol consumption: epidemiologic evidence and plausible mechanisms,” Internal and Emergency Medicine, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 291–297, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
14. K. J. Mukamal, E. L. Ding, and L. Djoussé, “Alcohol consumption, physical activity, and chronic disease risk factors: a population-based cross-sectional survey,” BMC Public Health, vol. 6, article no. 118, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
15. N. El-Guebaly, “Investigating the association between moderate drinking and mental health,” Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. S55–S62, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. S. Peele and A. Brodsky, “Exploring psychological benefits associated with moderate alcohol use: a necessary corrective to assessments of drinking outcomes?” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 221–247, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. K. A. Ammar, S. Samee, R. Colligan et al., “Is self-reported moderate drinking in the cardiovascular benefit range associated with alcoholic behavior? A population based study,” Journal of Addictive Diseases, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 243–249, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
18. G. Corrao, V. Bagnardi, A. Zambon, and C. La Vecchia, “A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases,” Preventive Medicine, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 613–619, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
19. C. Bosetti, A. Altieri, and C. La Vecchia, “Diet and environmental carcinogenesis in breast/gynaecological cancers,” Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 13–18, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. M. C. Pike, L. N. Kolonel, B. E. Henderson et al., “Breast cancer in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: risk factor-adjusted incidence in Japanese equals and in Hawaiians exceeds that in whites,” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 795–800, 2002. View at Scopus
21. G. Pöschl, F. Stickel, X. D. Wang, and H. K. Seitz, “Alcohol and cancer: genetic and nutritional aspects,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 65–71, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
22. S. N. Blair, H. W. Kohl III, R. S. Paffenbarger Jr., D. G. Clark, K. H. Cooper, and L. W. Gibbons, “Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 262, no. 17, pp. 2395–2401, 1989. View at Scopus
23. E. Giovannucci, G. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer et al., “The assessment of alcohol consumption by a simple self-administered questionnaire,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 133, no. 8, pp. 810–817, 1991. View at Scopus
24. J. R. Hebert, I. S. Ockene, T. G. Hurley et al., “Development and testing of a seven-day dietary recall,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 925–937, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. C. D. Lee, X. Sui, and S. N. Blair, “Combined effects of cardiorespiratory fitness, not smoking, and normal waist girth on morbidity and mortality in men,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 169, no. 22, pp. 2096–2101, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
26. W. Byun, J. C. Sieverdes, X. Sui et al., “Effect of positive health factors and all-cause mortality in men,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 1632–1638, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
27. T. G. Pickering, J. E. Hall, L. J. Appel et al., “Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals—part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association council on high blood pressure research,” Hypertension, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 142–161, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
28. J. I. Cleeman and C. Lenfant, “The National Cholesterol Education Program. Progress and prospects,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 280, no. 24, pp. 2099–2104, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. J. R. Gavin, K. G. M. M. Alberti, M. B. Davidson et al., “Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus,” Diabetes Care, vol. 26, supplement 1, pp. S5–S20, 2003. View at Scopus
30. B. Balke and R. W. Ware, “An experimental study of physical fitness of Air Force personnel,” US Armed Forces Medical Journal, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 675–688, 1959.
31. M. L. Pollock, R. L. Bohannon, and K. H. Cooper, “A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing,” American Heart Journal, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 39–46, 1976. View at Scopus
32. S. N. Blair, Y. Cheng, and J. Scott Holder, “Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits?” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. S379–S399, 2001. View at Scopus
33. X. Sui, M. J. LaMonte, and S. N. Blair, “Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of nonfatal cardiovascular events in asymptomatic women and men,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 165, no. 12, pp. 1413–1423, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
34. B. Taylor, H. M. Irving, D. Baliunas et al., “Alcohol and hypertension: gender differences in dose-response relationships determined through systematic review and meta-analysis: REVIEW,” Addiction, vol. 104, no. 12, pp. 1981–1990, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
35. S. Kiechl, J. Willeit, W. Poewe et al., “Insulin sensitivity and regular alcohol consumption: large, prospective, cross sectional population study (Bruneck study),” British Medical Journal, vol. 313, no. 7064, pp. 1040–1044, 1996. View at Scopus
36. E. B. Rimm, P. Williams, K. Fosher, M. Criqui, and M. J. Stampfer, “Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors,” British Medical Journal, vol. 319, no. 7224, pp. 1523–1528, 1999. View at Scopus
37. J. W. J. Beulens, E. B. Rimm, A. Ascherio, D. Spiegelman, H. F. J. Hendriks, and K. J. Mukamal, “Alcohol consumption and risk for coronary heart disease among men with hypertension,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 10–19, 2007. View at Scopus
38. M. S. Freiberg, H. J. Cabral, T. C. Heeren, R. S. Vasan, and R. C. Ellison, “Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the U.S. A cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 2954–2959, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. A. Di Castelnuovo, S. Costanzo, V. Bagnardi, M. B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and G. De Gaetano, “Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 166, no. 22, pp. 2437–2445, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
40. D. Lloyd-Jones, R. J. Adams, T. M. Brown et al., “Heart disease and stroke statistics—2010 update: a report from the American heart association,” Circulation, vol. 121, no. 7, pp. e46–e215, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
41. L. Djoussé, I. M. Lee, J. E. Buring, and J. M. Gaziano, “Alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and death in women: potential mediating mechanisms,” Circulation, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 237–244, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
42. R. Femia, A. Natali, A. L'Abbate, and E. Ferrannini, “Coronary atherosclerosis and alcohol consumption: angiographic and mortality data,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1607–1612, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
43. A. H. Lichtenstein, L. J. Appel, M. Brands et al., “Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American heart association nutrition committee,” Circulation, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 82–96, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
44. J. Rehm, C. Mathers, S. Popova, M. Thavorncharoensap, Y. Teerawattananon, and J. Patra, “Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders,” The Lancet, vol. 373, no. 9682, pp. 2223–2233, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. A. E. Rogers and M. W. Conner, “Alcohol and cancer,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 206, pp. 473–495, 1986. View at Scopus
46. U. A. Hvidtfeldt, J. S. Tolstrup, M. U. Jakobsen et al., “Alcohol intake and risk of coronary heart disease in younger, middle-aged, and older adults,” Circulation, vol. 121, no. 14, pp. 1589–1597, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
47. S. Costanzo, A. Di Castelnuovo, M. B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and G. de Gaetano, “Alcohol consumption and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. A meta-analysis,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 55, no. 13, pp. 1339–1347, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
48. R. A. Bell, E. J. Mayer-Davis, M. A. Martin, R. B. D'Agostino, and S. M. Haffner, “Associations between alcohol consumption and insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the insulin resistance and atherosclerosis study,” Diabetes Care, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1630–1636, 2000. View at Scopus
49. C. S. Fuchs, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz et al., “Alcohol consumption and mortality among women,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 332, no. 19, pp. 1245–1250, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
50. A. L. Klatsky, G. D. Friedman, M. A. Armstrong, and H. Kipp, “Wine, liquor, beer, and mortality,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 158, no. 6, pp. 585–595, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
51. T. O. Kiviniemi, A. Saraste, J. O. Toikka et al., “A moderate dose of red wine, but not de-alcoholized red wine increases coronary flow reserve,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 195, no. 2, pp. e176–e181, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
52. A. Imhof, I. Plamper, S. Maier, G. Trischler, and W. Koenig, “Effect of drinking on adiponectin in healthy men and women: a randomized intervention study of water, ethanol, red wine, and beer with or without alcohol,” Diabetes Care, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1101–1103, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
53. S. N. Blair, W. B. Kannel, H. W. Kohl, N. Goodyear, and P. W. F. Wilson, “Surrogate measures of physical activity and physical fitness. Evidence for sedentary traits of resting tachycardia, obesity, and low vital capacity,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 129, no. 6, pp. 1145–1156, 1989. View at Scopus
54. R. P. Murray, J. E. Connett, S. L. Tyas et al., “Alcohol volume, drinking pattern, and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: is there a u-shaped function?” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 242–248, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. R. Clarke, C. Frost, R. Collins, P. Appleby, and R. Peto, “Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies,” British Medical Journal, vol. 314, no. 7074, pp. 112–117, 1997. View at Scopus
56. C. L. Hart and G. D. Smith, “Alcohol consumption and mortality and hospital admissions in men from the Midspan Collaborative cohort study,” Addiction, vol. 103, no. 12, pp. 1979–1986, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
57. I. H. M. Friesema, P. J. Zwietering, M. Y. Veenstra, J. A. Knottnerus, H. F. L. Garretsen, and P. H. H. M. Lemmens, “Alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease and mortality: the role of pre-existing disease,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 441–446, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
58. L. W. Gibbons, T. L. Mitchell, M. Wei, S. N. Blair, and K. H. Cooper, “Maximal exercise test as a predictor of risk for mortality from coronary heart disease in asymptomatic men,” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 53–58, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
59. G. J. Balady, M. G. Larson, R. S. Vasan, E. P. Leip, C. J. O'Donnell, and D. Levy, “Usefulness of exercise testing in the prediction of coronary disease risk among asymptomatic persons as a function of the Framingham risk score,” Circulation, vol. 110, no. 14, pp. 1920–1925, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed