Sedentary Behavior and Physical Function Decline in Older Women: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants by total sedentary time, Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study and Extension Study (WHI-OSES), .
Characteristic
Total sedentary time (hours per day)1
value2
Q1 (≤6 hrs/day)
Q2 (>6–8 hrs/day)
Q3 (>8–11 hrs/day)
Q4 (>11 hrs/day)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
All
19364 (31.53%)
12316 (20.06%)
15958 (25.99%)
13769 (22.42%)
Age group at screening, years
<.0001
50–59
6010 (31.04%)
3622 (29.41%)
5622 (35.23%)
6049 (43.93%)
60–69
9213 (47.58%)
5927 (48.12%)
7097 (44.47%)
5623 (40.84%)
70–79
4141 (21.39%)
2767 (22.47%)
3239 (20.30%)
2097 (15.23%)
Ethnicity
<.0001
White
16507 (85.25%)
11103 (90.15%)
14355 (89.95%)
12301 (89.34%)
Black
1387 (7.16%)
564 (4.58%)
743 (4.66%)
744 (5.40%)
Hispanic
694 (3.58%)
264 (2.14%)
300 (1.88%)
248 (1.80%)
American Indian
84 (0.43%)
36 (0.29%)
50 (0.31%)
34 (0.25%)
Asian/Pacific Islander
410 (2.12%)
213 (1.73%)
326 (2.04%)
300 (2.18%)
Unknown
282 (1.46%)
136 (1.10%)
184 (1.15%)
142 (1.03%)
Income
<.0001
<$20,000
2513 (13.94%)
1327 (11.51%)
1671 (11.05%)
1387 (10.59%)
$20,000–$34,999
3920 (21.74%)
2604 (22.59%)
3255 (21.52%)
2775 (21.19%)
$35,000–$49,999
3724 (20.66%)
2408 (20.89%)
3100 (20.50%)
2670 (20.38%)
$50,000–$74,999
3809 (21.13%)
2515 (21.82%)
3447 (22.79%)
2962 (22.61%)
≥$75,000
4062 (22.53%)
2674 (23.20%)
3651 (24.14%)
3304 (25.23%)
Education
<.0001
None-HS diploma
4040 (21.01%)
2217(18.11%)
2507 (15.84%)
2066 (15.12%)
School after HS
7050 (36.67%)
4335(35.41%)
5557 (35.10%)
4685 (34.28%)
College degree or higher
8135 (42.31%)
5689(46.47%)
7768 (49.07%)
6917 (50.61%)
Physical activity
<.0001
Inactive (no reported recreational activity)
1971 (10.26%)
1250 (10.24%)
1815 (11.46%)
2243 (16.42%)
<5 MET-hrs/week
3026 (15.75%)
2066 (16.92%)
2851 (18.01%)
2871 (21.02%)
5-<12 MET-hrs/week
4251 (22.12%)
2830 (23.18%)
3942 (24.90%)
3382 (24.76%)
≥12 MET-hrs/week
9967 (51.87%)
6064 (49.66%)
7223 (45.63%)
5162 (37.79%)
Self-rate health status
<.0001
Excellent
4366 (22.62%)
2545 (20.72%)
3312 (20.79%)
2587 (18.83%)
Very good
8399 (43.51%)
5552 (45.21%)
6984 (43.84%)
5764 (41.96%)
Good
5324 (27.58%)
3525 (28.71%)
4624 (29.03%)
4188 (30.48%)
Fair/poor
1214 (6.29%)
658 (5.36%)
1009 (6.33%)
1199 (8.73%)
BMI
<.0001
<18.5
260 (1.36%)
135 (1.11%)
157 (0.99%)
112 (0.82%)
18.5–24.9
8655 (45.20%)
5389 (44.27%)
6450 (40.87%)
5007 (36.83%)
25–29.9
6646 (34.70%)
4112 (33.78%)
5520 (34.98%)
4464 (32.83%)
>30.0
3589 (18.74%)
2536 (20.83%)
3655 (23.16%)
4013 (29.52%)
Smoking
<.0001
Never
10296 (53.85%)
6323 (51.92%)
7874 (49.84%)
6425 (47.14%)
Past
7873 (41.18%)
5258 (43.17%)
7127 (45.12%)
6380 (46.81%)
Current
951 (4.97%)
598 (4.91%)
796 (5.04%)
825 (6.05%) %)
Alcohol intake, per week
<.0001
0/past drinker
5456 (28.34%)
3078 (25.08%)
3793 (23.86%)
3381 (24.66%)
<1
5966 (30.99%)
3851 (31.38%)
5180 (32.59%)
4732 (34.51%)
1–14
6961 (36.16%)
4769 (38.85%)
6134 (38.59%)
4939 (36.02%)
≥14
866 (4.50%)
576 (4.69%)
789 (4.96%)
661 (4.82%)
Hormone use
<.0001
Never used
5485 (28.83%)
3452 (28.55%)
4304 (27.46%)
3526 (26.10%)
Past user
3811 (20.03%)
2382 (19.70%)
3127 (19.95%)
2656 (19.66%)
Current user
9729 (51.14%)
6257 (51.75%)
8245 (52.60%)
7326 (54.23%)
Depressed mood
<.0001
0
5906 (31.00%)
3442 (28.26%)
4068 (25.70%)
3047 (22.36%)
1-2
7137 (37.46%)
4840 (39.74%)
6183 (39.06%)
5191 (38.09%)
3-4
3670 (19.26%)
2355 (19.33%)
3297 (20.83%)
2955 (21.68%)
5+
2340 (12.28%)
1543 (12.67%)
2282 (14.42%)
2437 (17.88%)
Living alone
4025 (20.90%)
2815 (22.96%)
4028 (25.34%)
3963 (28.92%)
<.0001
Activity of daily living disability (≥1 disability)
238 (1.27%)
139 (1.16%)
200 (1.29%)
281 (2.10%)
<.0001
History of CHD3
1098 (5.77%)
759 (6.24%)
958 (6.09%)
789 (5.82%)
0.2638
History of CHF
159 (0.84%)
99 (0.82%)
156 (1.00%)
126 (0.93%)
0.3204
History of stroke
217 (1.12%)
126 (1.02%)
159 (1.00%)
144 (1.05%)
0.6934
History of diabetes (use of pills or shots)
500 (2.59%)
295 (2.40%)
439 (2.75%)
442 (3.21%)
0.0003
Hypertensive (on medications for high blood pressure)
6826 (35.64%)
4340 (35.61%)
5594 (35.39%)
4715 (34.61%)
0.2261
History of arthritis
8672 (45.11%)
5852 (47.78%)
7590 (47.85%)
6577 (47.99%)
<.0001
History of cancer
2255 (11.73%)
1513 (12.36%)
1954 (12.32%)
1728 (12.61%)
0.0826
History of COPD3
533 (2.81%)
349 (2.89%)
507 (3.23%)
518 (3.83%)
<.0001
Number of falls in the previous 12 months
<.0001
None
13245 (69.14%)
8353 (68.47%)
10530 (66.64%)
8924 (65.44%)
1 time
3741 (19.53%)
2436 (19.97%)
3254 (20.59%)
2867 (21.03%)
2 times
1467 (7.66%)
928 (7.61%)
1372 (8.68%)
1212 (8.89%)
3 or more times
703 (3.67%)
482 (3.95%)
646 (4.09%)
633 (4.64%)
History of hip fracture at age ≥55 years
83 (0.54%)
70 (0.72%)
77 (0.63%)
67 (0.68%)
0.3034
Number of chronic diseases
<.0001
0
4515 (23.32%)
2699 (21.91%)
3406 (21.34%)
2934 (21.31%)
1
6441 (33.26%)
4041 (32.81%)
5181 (32.47%)
4357 (31.64%)
2
4661 (24.07%)
3065 (24.89%)
3955 (24.78%)
3391 (24.63%)
3
2336 (12.06%)
1532 (12.44%)
2074 (13.00%)
1819 (13.21%)
4
932 (4.81%)
656 (5.33%)
876 (5.49%)
850 (6.17%)
5+
479 (2.47%)
323 (2.62%)
466 (2.92%)
418 (3.04%)
ll WHI-OS participants who reported on sitting time and sleeping time at baseline were enrolled in the extension study and had filled out at least one Form 151 . All the percentage calculations were based on number of participants who reported on the individual variable. value was based on chi-square test for the null hypothesis of no overall difference in the baseline variable among the 4 groups. oronary heart disease (CHD) included MI, angina, CABG, and PTCA.
