Resistance Training and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Strength of the Evidence

Table 6

Summary of resistance training effect on outcome measures.

Outcome		Hedge’s; 𝑔	𝑃 value	Effect description (statistical significance)
Disease processes		−0.271^¥	0.008	Medium (significant)
BP (systolic/diastolic mmHg)		− 0.540	<0.001	Large (significant)
HbA1c (%)		−0.463	0.145	Medium (not significant)
Total and LDL cholesterol		−0.464	0.002	medium (significant)
Fasting glucose		−0.121	0.559	Small (not significant)
Fasting insulin		0.505	0.016	Medium (significant)
HDL cholesterol		0.134	0.517	Small (not significant)
Body composition		0.199	0.197	Small (not significant)
Lean body mass		0.395	0.220	Small (not significant)
Fat body mass		0.066	0.749	Small (not significant)
Muscle strength		1.05	<0.001	Large (significant)
Lower body muscle strength		1.415	<0.001	Large (significant)
Upper body muscle strength		0.974	<0.001	Large (significant)
Whole body muscle strength		0.802	0.002	Large (significant)
*Further muscle measures		Exercise		Control	𝑃 value
Quality	Baseline	61±27.8		51±22.3	<0.001
	Final	100±33.4		48±22.3
Type I CSA (μm^2)	Baseline	4068±1425.3		4546±1503.3	0.04
	Final	4928±2071.2		4381±1692.6
Type II CSA (μm^2)	Baseline	3885±1547.8		4330±1926.4	0.04
	Final	4605±1575.7		4201±1870.8

BP-blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CSA: cross sectional area.
^¥Negative values denote a decrease in the outcome measure (i.e., this is a positive effect, since a reduction in disease processes, such as lowered BP, LDL, and HBA1c, indicates an improvement in disease management).
*Further muscle measures were not entered into CMA; all values are means ± SE, taken from [17].