Social Activity and Cognitive Functioning Over Time: A Coordinated Analysis of Four Longitudinal Studies

Table 2

LBLS participant characteristics.

	Year of testing
Measure	Baseline (𝑛=565)	Year 3 (𝑛=300)	Year 6 (𝑛=143)	Year 9 (𝑛=102)
	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)
Retention from previous testing (%)		53	48	71
Age	73.8 (9.1)	75.5 (8.7)	75.29 (8.01)	76.4 (7.2)
Education	13.7 (3.0)	13.9 (2.8)	14.2 (2.70)	14.1 (2.7)
Sex, female [𝑛 (%)]	278 (49)	148 (49)	74 (52)	50 (49)
Reasoning	22.1 (11.7)	23.7 (11.5)	25.2 (11.63)	25.0 (11.1)
Fluency	32.3 (11.7)	33.5 (11.1)	33.3 (13.29)	34.3 (11.7)
Memory	11.4 (4.0)	11.5 (4.2)	11.6 (4.52)	11.1 (4.7)
Semantic knowledge	38.4 (10.2)	39.3 (9.8)	40.8 (8.95)	39.4 (9.9)
Social activity	3.3 (1.5)	3.5 (1.6)	3.5 (1.4)	3.5 (1.5)
Social activity change	—	0.0 (1.4)	0.1 (1.5)	−0.0 (1.4)

M: mean, SD: standard deviation. The range for each measure with a defined upper limit is as follows: education = 0–20, reasoning = 0–30, memory = 0–20, semantic knowledge = 0–36, and social activity = 0–7.