Research Article

The Role of Education and Intellectual Activity on Cognition

Table 4

Indirect effects of education on cognition through activity.

BCa 95% Cl
Indirect effectsEstimateSELowerUpper

MMSE
Total.012.006.000.025
 Intellectual.014.006.003.027
 Social.000.001−.003.003
 Physical−.002.002−.008.002
 Creative−.001.001−.005.001
 Passive−.001.002−.006.001

WRAT-4
Total.062.027.014.120
 Intellectual.070.024.027.125
 Social.000.004−.010.009
 Physical.003.009−.011.027
 Creative−.004.008−.029.005
 Passive−.007.009−.033.004

Processing speed
Total.075.025.033.131
 Intellectual.078.024.040.134
 Social.000.004−.007.007
 Physical.001.008−.016.018
 Creative.001.004−.007.012
 Passive−.004.007−.025.003

Memory: immediate recall
Total.043.033−.015.112
 Intellectual.050.031−.004.119
 Social.002.005−.009.012
 Physical−.004.012−.033.017
 Creative.004.010−.006.036
 Passive−.008.010−.041.004

Memory: delayed recall
Total.005.012−.017.030
 Intellectual.010.012−.012.034
 Social.000.002−.005.004
 Physical−.005.005−.018.002
 Creative.001.003−.002.012
 Passive−.001.003−.012.002

Note: IV: independent variable (education, in years); DV: dependent variable (cognitive outcomes); BCa 95% Cl: bias-corrected and accelerated confidence intervals. Total indirect effect represents the sum of the indirect effects for specific activity pathways. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race, household income (past 12 months), health, and depression.