The Role of Education and Intellectual Activity on Cognition
Table 4
Indirect effects of education on cognition through activity.
BCa 95% Cl
Indirect effects
Estimate
SE
Lower
Upper
MMSE
Total
.012
.006
.000
.025
Intellectual
.014
.006
.003
.027
Social
.000
.001
−.003
.003
Physical
−.002
.002
−.008
.002
Creative
−.001
.001
−.005
.001
Passive
−.001
.002
−.006
.001
WRAT-4
Total
.062
.027
.014
.120
Intellectual
.070
.024
.027
.125
Social
.000
.004
−.010
.009
Physical
.003
.009
−.011
.027
Creative
−.004
.008
−.029
.005
Passive
−.007
.009
−.033
.004
Processing speed
Total
.075
.025
.033
.131
Intellectual
.078
.024
.040
.134
Social
.000
.004
−.007
.007
Physical
.001
.008
−.016
.018
Creative
.001
.004
−.007
.012
Passive
−.004
.007
−.025
.003
Memory: immediate recall
Total
.043
.033
−.015
.112
Intellectual
.050
.031
−.004
.119
Social
.002
.005
−.009
.012
Physical
−.004
.012
−.033
.017
Creative
.004
.010
−.006
.036
Passive
−.008
.010
−.041
.004
Memory: delayed recall
Total
.005
.012
−.017
.030
Intellectual
.010
.012
−.012
.034
Social
.000
.002
−.005
.004
Physical
−.005
.005
−.018
.002
Creative
.001
.003
−.002
.012
Passive
−.001
.003
−.012
.002
Note: IV: independent variable (education, in years); DV: dependent variable (cognitive outcomes); BCa 95% Cl: bias-corrected and accelerated confidence intervals. Total indirect effect represents the sum of the indirect effects for specific activity pathways. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race, household income (past 12 months), health, and depression.