Dynamic Associations of Change in Physical Activity and Change in Cognitive Function: Coordinated Analyses of Four Longitudinal Studies
Table 1
OCTO-Twin participant characteristics.
Measure
Year of testing
Baseline ()
Year 2 ()
Year 4 ()
Year 6 ()
Year 8 ()
M (SD)
M (SD)
M (SD)
M (SD)
M (SD)
Retention from previous testing (%)
82.0
77.1
75.8
73.1
Age
83.3 (3.0)
85.2 (2.8)
86.9 (2.5)
88.8 (2.5)
90.7 (2.4)
Education
7.3 (2.4)
7.3 (2.3)
7.3 (2.3)
7.2 (2.1)
7.2 (2.2)
Sex, female ( (%))
371 (65)
346 (65)
236 (65)
196 (71)
148 (74)
Reasoning
11.5 (7.1)
11.4 (7.2)
11.3 (7.1)
10.8 (7.2)
10.0 (7.3)
Memory
9.6 (4.0)
9.4 (4.3)
9.2 (4.4)
9.2 (4.7)
8.9 (4.5)
Semantic knowledge
28.1 (11.2)
28.6 (11.2)
27.5 (12.4)
26.7 (13.0)
26.1 (11.4)
Physical activity
0.7 (0.7)
0.9 (0.7)
0.8 (0.7)
0.7 (0.7)
0.6 (0.6)
Physical activity changea
0.1 (0.7)
−0.0 (0.8)
−0.1 (0.8)
−0.3 (0.9)
M: mean, SD: standard deviation. The scoring ranges for each measure with a defined upper limit are as follows: reasoning: 0–42; memory: 0–16; semantic knowledge: 0–44; physical activity: 0–2. aPhysical activity change represents change from baseline.