Dynamic Associations of Change in Physical Activity and Change in Cognitive Function: Coordinated Analyses of Four Longitudinal Studies

Table 5

Mixed effects model summaries across four studies with baseline physical activity and activity change predicting four cognitive outcomes.

		OCTO-Twin			LBLS			SLS			VLS
	𝑏	SE	𝑃	𝑏	SE	𝑃	𝑏	SE	𝑃	𝑏	SE	𝑃
Reasoning
Intercept	10.66	0.56	<.001	21.53	0.56	<.001	37.88	1.02	<.001	9.53	0.59	<.001
Age	–0.37	0.12	0.002	–0.62	0.05	<.001	–0.35	0.01	<.001	–0.25	0.02	<.001
Sex	0.90	0.68	0.186	2.12	0.81	0.009	1.67	0.24	<.001	–0.01	0.31	0.969
Education	0.57	0.13	<.001	1.30	0.14	<.001	0.52	0.04	<.001	0.33	0.05	<.001
Activity	1.19	0.40	0.003	–0.50	0.40	0.209	–0.57	0.89	0.519	0.01	0.03	0.827
Age × activity	0.06	0.14	0.699	0.03	0.04	0.502	0.01	0.01	0.398	0.00	0.00	0.587
Education × activity	–0.09	0.13	0.479	–0.12	0.14	0.372	0.00	0.04	0.983	0.00	0.01	0.840
Time	–0.51	0.09	<.001	–0.46	0.09	<.001	0.15	0.10	0.141	–0.24	0.03	<.001
Age × time	–0.02	0.02	0.296	–0.02	0.01	0.001	–0.01	0.00	<.001	–0.01	0.00	<.001
Sex × time	0.13	0.10	0.206	0.09	0.11	0.445	0.02	0.03	0.318	0.00	0.03	0.968
Education × time	0.02	0.02	0.258	–0.06	0.02	0.007	–0.01	0.00	0.090	–0.01	0.00	0.065
Activity × time	0.06	0.07	0.354	0.04	0.06	0.506	0.01	0.01	0.183	0.00	0.00	0.332
Activity change	0.85	0.21	<.001	0.54	0.24	0.028	0.18	0.09	0.045	0.05	0.02	0.013
Fluency
Intercept				31.19	0.62	<.001	58.66	2.55	<.001	11.73	0.56	<.001
Age				–0.25	0.05	<.001	–0.34	0.04	<.001	–0.10	0.03	<.001
Sex				4.25	0.90	<.001	3.54	0.59	<.001	0.46	0.36	0.200
Education				1.04	0.16	<.001	1.29	0.11	<.001	0.64	0.05	<.001
Activity				0.45	0.45	0.314	4.45	22.4	0.047	–0.06	0.03	0.098
Age × activity				0.07	0.05	0.159	–0.06	0.03	0.070	0.00	0.00	0.952
Education × activity				–0.29	0.15	0.059	–0.02	0.09	0.844	–0.01	0.01	0.159
Time				–0.27	0.11	0.013	0.78	0.23	0.001	–0.13	0.03	<.001
Age × Time				–0.03	0.01	0.001	–0.02	0.00	<.001	–0.01	0.00	0.002
Sex × Time				–0.22	0.15	0.132	0.13	0.05	0.007	0.07	0.04	0.070
Education × Time				0.00	0.03	0.983	–0.01	0.01	0.106	0.00	0.01	0.950
Activity × Time				0.03	0.08	0.680	0.05	0.02	0.048	0.01	0.00	0.045
Activity Change				0.05	0.35	0.894	0.41	0.20	0.043	0/07	0.03	0.003
Memory
Intercept	8.59	0.31	<.001	10.78	0.20	<.001	23.50	0.74	<.001	17.36	0.42	<.001
Age	–0.22	0.06	<.001	–0.19	0.02	<.001	–0.18	0.01	<.001	–0.19	0.02	<.001
Sex	1.14	0.38	<.002	1.55	0.30	<.001	1.65	0.17	<.001	1.65	0.27	<.001
Education	0.39	0.07	<.001	0.29	0.05	<.001	0.32	0.03	<.001	0.32	0.04	<.001
Activity	0.48	0.22	0.003	0.15	0.15	0.312	–0.17	0.65	0.789	0.05	0.03	0.042
Age × Activity	–0.09	0.08	0.232	0.00	0.02	0.817	0.00	0.01	0.671	0.00	0.00	0.223
Education × Activity	0.02	0.07	0.837	–0.05	0.05	0.346	–0.03	0.03	0.215	0.00	0.01	0.607
Time	–0.32	0.07	0.001	–0.17	0.05	0.001	0.33	0.08	<.001	–0.27	0.03	<.001
Age × Time	–0.01	0.01	0.700	0.00	0.00	0.578	–0.01	0.00	<.001	–0.01	0.00	<.001
Sex × Time	0.08	0.08	0.319	–0.04	0.07	0.601	0.03	0.02	0.077	–0.02	0.03	0.469
Education × Time	0.01	0.02	0.972	0.01	0.01	0.379	0.00	0.00	0.449	–0.01	0.00	0.232
Activity × Time	–0.02	0.05	0.660	–0.02	0.04	0.531	0.02	0.01	0.078	0.00	0.00	0.202
Activity Change	0.44	0.15	0.004	–0.08	0.15	0.593	0.08	0.08	0.309	0.06	0.02	0.001
Semantic knowledge
Intercept	30.21	0.85	<.001	38.36	0.56	<.001	23.41	1.29	<.001	43.86	0.71	<.001
Age	–0.60	0.17	<.001	–0.26	0.05	<.001	0.01	0.02	0.531	0.08	0.03	0.013
Sex	–3.88	1.04	<.001	1.47	0.81	0.069	0.56	0.30	0.069	0.02	0.47	0.971
Education	1.60	0.21	<.001	1.11	0.14	<.001	1.11	0.05	<.001	0.77	0.07	<.001
Activity	0.85	0.57	0.134	–0.54	0.40	0.174	1.61	1.14	–0.160	–0.02	0.04	0.716
Age × Activity	0.02	0.20	0.914	–0.02	0.04	0.672	–0.02	0.02	0.174	0.01	0.01	0.331
Education × Activity	–0.22	0.21	0.307	–0.31	0.14	0.023	–0.11	0.05	0.020	–0.01	0.01	0.588
Time	–0.93	0.12	<.001	–0.44	0.09	<.001	0.45	0.08	<.001	–0.14	0.03	<.001
Age × Time	–0.05	0.03	0.056	–0.04	0.01	<.001	–0.01	0.00	<.001	–0.01	0.00	<.001
Sex × Time	0.27	0.14	0.054	0.08	0.12	0.486	0.07	0.02	<.001	0.01	0.04	0.736
Education × Time	0.03	0.03	0.279	–0.03	0.02	0.134	0.00	0.00	0.792	–0.01	0.01	0.152
Activity × Time	–0.02	0.09	0.804	0.10	0.07	0.147	0.01	0.01	0.087	0.00	0.00	0.319
Activity Change	1.06	0.26	<.001	–0.04	0.25	0.881	0.11	0.08	0.148	0.02	0.02	0.258

Values represent model coefficients and their standard error. Across all studies, time was measured in years since baseline visit, and activity change was entered as a time-varying covariate. All other variables represent baseline measurements alone, in interaction with one another, or in interaction with time.