Elevated Serum Carboxymethyl-Lysine, an Advanced Glycation End Product, Predicts Severe Walking Disability in Older Women: The Women's Health and Aging Study I

Table 2

Univariate Cox proportional hazard models for demographic and health characteristics and incidence of severe walking disability in the women’s health and aging study I (𝑁=394).

Characteristic	Univariate H.R.	95% C.I.	𝑃
Age (years)
≤69	1.00	—	—
70–74.9	1.18	0.64, 2.18	0.60
75–79.9	0.93	0.46, 1.86	0.83
80–84.9	1.96	0.99, 3.89	0.05
85–89.9	2.35	1.28, 4.34	0.006
≥90	5.04	2.25, 11.26	<0.0001
Race (white)	0.76	0.50, 1.16	0.19
Education < 12 years	1.12	0.75, 1.67	0.58
Current smoking	1.59	0.93, 2.70	0.09
Body mass index (kg/m^2)^1
<18.5	0.98	0.30, 3.25	0.98
18.5–24.9	1.00	—	—
25.0–29.9	0.75	0.45, 1.26	0.28
≥30	0.75	0.45, 1.27	0.28
MMSE < 24	1.59	0.93, 2.70	0.09
Hypertension	1.04	0.71, 1.54	0.84
Coronary heart disease	1.09	0.70, 1.71	0.70
Congestive heart failure	1.87	1.08, 3.24	0.03
Peripheral artery disease	1.74	1.12, 2.72	0.01
Stroke	0.46	0.06, 3.31	0.44
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.21	0.80, 1.85	0.37
Diabetes mellitus	1.79	1.13, 2.85	0.01
Depression	1.21	0.70, 2.09	0.49
Renal insufficiency	1.18	0.79, 1.75	0.42
Osteoarthritis	1.22	0.83, 1.81	0.32
CML highest quartile	1.68	1.11, 2.52	0.01

¹For body mass index, 18.5–24.9 kg/m² was used as the reference category.