Gender Differences in Age-Related Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Function

Table 1

Subject characteristics.

Parameter	Children		Adolescents		Young adults		Middle-aged
	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
	(𝑛=30)	(𝑛=30)	(𝑛=29)	(𝑛=37)	(𝑛=30)	(𝑛=40)	(𝑛=29)	(𝑛=27)
Age (yrs)	9.4±0.32	9.4±0.3	17.0±0.38	16.4±0.38	29±0.8	30.1±0.86	48.3±0.6	48.5±0.64
Height (cm)	131±1.98	130±1.9	159±5.1	154±0.78	166±1	156±0.8	167±3.8	155±0.78
Weight (kg)*	27±1.2	26.4±1.9	55.5±1.9	49.0±1.1	59.4±1.3	53.1±0.95	58.9±1.3	56.1±0.9
SBP^*#	112±1.6	108±1.3	114±2.3	109±1.1	116±1.1	111±6.8	120±1.66	118±1.73
DBP^*#	74±1.4	74±0.76	76±0.8	75±0.7	78±0.8	76±0.7	84±1.1	81±1.2
RHR*	78±1.8	82±1.7	67±1.96	69±1.1	64±1.7	67±1.1	69±1.96	66±1.3
BMI*	15.5±0.24	15.6±0.22	20.5±0.36	20.5±0.37	21.6±0.33	21.7±0.33	22.1±0.3	23.1±0.3
PAL	N.A^@	N.A^@	1.64±0.02	1.59±0.02	1.6±0.02	1.65±0.02	1.65±0.02	1.69±0.02

(i) Data expressed as mean ± SE.
(ii) *significantly different across the age group.
(iii) ^#significantly different between males and females.
(iv) SBP: Systolic blood pressure (mm of Hg).
(v) DBP: Diastolic blood pressure (mm of Hg).
(vi) RHR: Resting heart rate (Beats per minute).
(vii) BMI: Body Mass Index (kg/m²).
(viii) PAL: Physical activity level.
(ix) ^@Not applicable since standard procedure was not available.