Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids, 𝜶-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study

Table 1

Subject characteristics.

	≥80 to ≤89 y; (𝑛=78)	≥98 y; (𝑛=220)	𝑃 value*	Community dwelling (𝑛=150)	Institutionalized (𝑛=148)	𝑃 value*	Total; (𝑛=298)
Age, yrs (mean ± SD)	84.2±2.7	100.4 ± 1.9		93.3±8.3	99.7±4.6	<0.0001	96.6±7.4
Male : female	27 : 51	36 : 184	0.0007	40 : 110	23 : 125	0.0187	63 : 235
Community dwelling (𝑛) : institutionalized (𝑛)	66 : 12	84 : 136	<0.0001	—	—		150 : 148
Education, yrs (mean ± SD)	13.0±3.5	10.6±3.8	<0.0001	12.1±3.7	10.3±3.7	<0.0001	11.2±3.8
Body mass index (kg/m^2) (mean ± SD)	25.5±4.8	22.6±4.7	<0.0001	24.2±4.7	22.5±4.8	0.0059	23.3±4.8
Smoking (𝑛)			<0.0001			0.035
None	33	156		88	101		189
Ex-smoker	40	54		53	41		94
Current	5	7		9	3		12
No information	0	3		0	3		3
Alcohol use (𝑛)			<0.0001			<0.0001
None	22	134		67	89		156
Ex-drinker	27	45		32	40		72
Current	29	39		51	17		68
No information	0	2		0	2		2
Hypertension (𝑛)			0.394			0.306
Yes	32	108		66	74		140
No	45	109		83	71		154
No information	1	3		1	3		4

*Significant difference between groups. Means were compared using Student’s 𝑡-test. Fisher’s exact test was applied for categorical variables.