Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids, 𝜶-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study

Table 2

Serum carotenoid, 𝛼-tocopherol, and retinol concentrations in subjects from the Georgian Centenarian Study (mean ± SD).

nmol/L (carotenoids); 𝜇mol/L (𝛼-tocopherol, retinol)	≥80 to ≤89 y; (𝑛=78)	≥98 y; (𝑛=220)	𝑃 value*	Community dwelling (𝑛=150)	Institutionalized (𝑛=148)	𝑃 value*	Total (𝑛=298)
Lutein, trans	213±162	199±177	0.0753	223±199	181±141	0.0072	204±174
Lutein, cis	58±58	53±65	0.0006	63±77	46±46	0.0162	56±63
Lutein, total	316±255	293±285	0.0156	334±329	265±207	0.0116	300±276
Zeaxanthin, trans	47±23	44±28	0.0194	49±30	42±23	0.0516	46±26
Zeaxanthin, cis	5±16	5±11	0.6388	7±14	4±9	0.0764	5±12
Zeaxanthin, total	53±32	49±37	0.0355	56±40	46±28	0.0195	51±35
Cryptoxanthin	159±105	148±125	0.0362	166±137	134±96	0.3174	150±119
𝛼-Carotene	80±110	63±61	0.0122	71±93	63±54	0.6972	67±76
𝛽-Carotene, trans	547±836	443±419	0.2200	542±670	398±406	0.0056	471±558
𝛽-Carotene, cis	20±26	17±22	0.6538	19±26	17±20	0.5322	19±22
𝛽-Carotene, total	568±855	460±432	0.0839	560±69	415±419	0.0039	488±573
Lycopene, trans	240±181	138±119	<0.0001	199±166	130±112	<0.0001	164±145
Lycopene, cis	389±277	231±227	<0.0001	324±276	220±212	0.0003	272±251
Lycopene, total	629±443	369±337	<0.0001	523±430	348±309	0.0003	436±384
𝛼-Tocopherol	31.9±16.8	25.5 ± 12.9	0.0011	29.6±15.0	24.8±13.2	0.0016	29.2±14.3
Retinol	2.14±0.07	1.84 ± 0.62	0.449	2.00±0.64	1.83±0.59	0.247	1.92±0.62

*Significant difference between groups. Means were compared using Student’s 𝑡-test. Chi-square analysis was applied for categorical variables.