Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Participants’ characteristics overall and by type of frailty indicator present, Bus Santé study, Geneva 2006–2010, = 2,930.

Participant characteristic	All; 100%	Weakness; 13.8%	Exhaustion; 7.0%	Shrinking; 6.3%	Low activity; 18.3%
Age, years, mean (SE)	60.0 (0.1)	72.8 (0.1)	58.5 (0.5)	60.9 (0.6)	63.4 (0.3)
Age 50–65 years (%)	73.6	0.0	7.6	5.7	14.4
Age ≥ 65 years (%)	26.4	52.2	5.4	7.7	29.0
Women (%)	51.0	54.2	66.1	61.5	53.6
Swiss nationality (%)	78.8	79.4	76.9	74.7	79.0
Education level (%)
Low	15.6	23.9	16.8	25.7	17.8
Middle	45.5	47.4	41.8	44.1	46.0
High	38.9	28.7	41.4	30.3	36.2
Household income (%)
<4999	22.7	47.6	35.7	35.8	28.5
5000–9499	41.9	38.8	32.4	36.6	38.8
>9500	35.4	13.7	31.9	27.6	32.6
Hypertension (%)	47.5	70.2	53.4	49.9	53.1
Diabetes (%)	6.6	9.1	8.6	8.1	7.3
Myocardial infarction (%)	2.4	4.9	2.0	3.2	2.5
Angina pectoris (%)	2.7	4.9	5.4	4.4	2.9
Arterial obstruction (%)	2.9	5.6	8.1	4.6	2.7
Current smoker (%)	15.9	9.8	19.5	27.9	17.4
Body mass index, kg/m^2, mean (SE)	26.1 (0.2)	26.4 (0.2)	28.0 (1.5)	24.9 (0.4)	24.7 (0.6)
Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SE)	0.88 (0.00)	0.90 (0.00)	0.87 (0.01)	0.86 (0.01)	0.87 (0.01)
Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SE)	5.63 (0.02)	5.58 (0.04)	5.59 (0.07)	5.51 (0.07)	5.60 (0.04)
Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SE)	1.45 (0.01)	1.47 (0.02)	1.43 (0.03)	1.48 (0.03)	1.50 (0.02)
Serum triglycerides, mmol/L, mean (SE)	1.31 (0.02)	1.24 (0.02)	1.43 (0.08)	1.30 (0.07)	1.27 (0.03)