Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Participants’ characteristics by the number of frailty indicators present, Bus Santé study, Geneva, 2006–2010, = 2,930.
Participant characteristic
0 frailty indicator
63.5%
1 frailty indicator
28.7%
2 or more frailty indicators
7.8%
value*
% or mean (SE)
% or mean (SE)
% or mean (SE)
Age, years, mean (SE)
57.5 (0.1)
63.0 (0.3)
68.8 (0.5)
<0.0001
Women (%)
47.8
56.1
57.8
<0.0001
Age 50–65 years (%)
87.1
57.2
24.7
<0.0001
Age ≥ 65 years (%)
12.9
42.8
75.3
<0.0001
Swiss nationality (%)
78.5
80.3
75.1
0.183
Education level (%)
Low
13.4
18.0
24.4
<0.0001
Middle
44.9
47.6
42.4
High
41.6
34.4
33.2
Household income (%)
<4999
16.6
28.8
49.0
<0.0001
5000–9499
43.5
41.5
31.0
>9500
39.9
29.7
20.1
Hypertension (%)
42.5
53.6
64.9
<0.0001
Diabetes (%)
5.8
7.5
8.8
0.069
Myocardial infarction (%)
2.1
2.9
3.6
0.170
Angina pectoris (%)
2.1
3.2
5.1
0.009
Cerebral or legs vascular obstruction (%)
2.2
3.7
5.6
0.001
Current smoker (%)
15.4
16.9
16.6
0.569
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SE)
26.3 (0.2)
25.7 (0.2)
26.0 (1.3)
0.076
Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SE)
0.89 (0.00)
0.88 (0.00)
0.88 (0.01)
0.326
Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SE)
5.64 (0.02)
5.65 (0.03)
5.48 (0.06)
0.027
Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SE)
1.44 (0.01)
1.46 (0.01)
1.50 (0.02)
0.045
Serum triglycerides, mmol/L, mean (SE)
1.31 (0.02)
1.34 (0.03)
1.20 (0.03)
0.009
Rao-Scott Chi-square test for dichotomous and categorical variables and tests for continuous variables.
