The Relationship between Intramuscular Adipose Tissue, Functional Mobility, and Strength in Postmenopausal Women with and without Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Characteristics of study participants.
Type 2 diabetes
Control
value
Age, years
70.0 (68.0–74.0)
70.0 (68.0–73.5)
0.885
Years since diabetes diagnosis, years
17 (11)
—
—
Caucasian, (%)
23 (82.1)
29 (100.0)
0.023*
Uses walking aid, (%)
6 (21.4)
2 (6.9)
0.115
BMI, kg/m2
34.3 (7.5)
28.0 (5.6)
<0.001*
Waist : hip ratio
0.89 (0.07)
0.83 (0.06)
0.005*
Percent body fat, %
39.3 (36.5–45.0)
38.5 (34.3–41.7)
0.693
Percent lean mass, %
57.9 (53.1–61.2)
60.8 (55.8–63.6)
0.550
Energy expenditurea, kcal/week
1003 (302–2120)
1597 (1129–3865)
0.684
Age-adjusted Charlson Index
4.4 (1.6)
0.4 (1.3)
<0.001*
Number of years since menopause
20 (20–25)
20 (19–26)
0.857
Number of prescribed medications
6 (3)
2 (2)
<0.001*
Total calcium intake, mg/day
1594 (709)
2048 (589)
<0.001*
Total vitamin D intake, IU/day
794 (631)
1204 (938)
0.062
Current smoker, (%)
2 (7.1)
0
0.237
Hip or knee osteoarthritis, (%)
15 (53.6)
5 (17.2)
0.006*
TUG, seconds
11.8 (6.2–17.4)
9.0 (6.0–12.0)
<0.001*
Grip strength, kg
18.8 (4.9)
21.5 (6.3)
0.059
Specific force, kgforce/kgarm mass
7.5 (2.7)
10.1 (3.4)
0.002*
Data are mean (SD) or median (25th–75th percentiles) unless indicated otherwise. * < 0.05 considered significant. BMI: body mass index; TUG: timed-up-and-go.
aEnergy expenditure based on habitual stair climbing, walking, and participation in recreational activities.
