Wheel/Rail Adhesion State Identification of Heavy-Haul Locomotive Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Kernel Extreme Learning Machine

Table 1

The comparison table of testing results of three methods.

Method	Running time (s)	Identification accuracy (%)
PSO-SVM	33.85	85.11
KELM	0.49	87.00
Proposed method (PSO-KELM)	18.68	92.60