|
| S/no. | Botanical name | Local name | Family | Habit | Ethnobotanical uses |
|
| (1) | Agaricus campestris L. | Kharerhay | Agaricaceae | Mushroom | Cooked as food. |
| (2) | Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Sumbal | Adiantaceae | Herb | Leaf decoction, used for cough and fever. |
| (3) | Ajuga bracteosa Wall.ex Benth. | Butey | Lamiaceae | Herb | The plant is used to relive abdominal pain. Also used to cure pimples and itch. In the past the plant was used to treat chicken pox. Some locals also used it for jaundice. |
| (4) | Ajuga parviflora Benth | Butey | Lamiaceae | Herb | Used in hepatitis, fever, treating tonsillitis, and other throat problems. |
| (5) | Avena sativa L. | Jamdaray | Poaceae | Herb | Spikes are used as nerve tonic, laxative, and antiseptic. The plant is also used as fodder. |
| (6) | Atropa acuminate Royle. | Bhange Dewana | Solanaceae | Herb | Used as sedative. |
| (7) | Artemisia scoparaia. Waldst & Kitam | Jawkay | Asteraceae | Herb | Young shoots are used as antihelminthic agent in human and livestock also used for diarrhea. Mature shoots are used for making brooms and also used as thatching material. The plant is also used as fuel. |
| (8) | Artemisia absinthium L. | Dhada Tarkha | Asteraceae | Herb | Shoots are used for typhoid. Also used for conceiving pregnancy. |
| (9) | Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. | Gheray | Betulaceae | Tree | Wood is used in timber and making furniture. Dry leaves are used as fodder for cattle. |
| (10) | Alisma plantago—aquatica L. | Jabai | Alismataceae | Herb | Leaves are used as tonic, treating diabetes, dysentery, digestive, and renal problems. Also used for treatment of leprosy. |
| (11) | Alianthus altissima L. | Spena Bakyanra | Simaroubaceae | Tree | Leaves are used as fodder; wood is used for fuel and for timber. |
| (12) | Achyranthes aspera L. | Spay botay | Amaranthaceae | Herb | Leaves are used as blood purifier. |
| (13) | Acorus calamus L. | Skhawaja | Araceae | Herb | Rhizome used for stomach inflammation constipation and other digestive problems. Also used for asthma. |
| (14) | Accacia nilotica (L.) Delile. | Kikar | Mimosaceae | Tree | Gum is used as antihelmentic agent, while flower along with sugar is used for cough. |
| (15) | Acacia modesta Wall. | Palosa | Mimosaceae | Tree | Gum is used for impotency and as tonic. Wood is used for fuel. |
| (16) | Amaranthus viridis L. | Ganhar | Amaranthaceae | Herb | Leaves are cooked as vegetable. Young plants are also used as fodder. Dry plants are used as fuel. |
| (17) | Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hook.f. | Jawaz | Sapindaceae | Tree | Fruit is used in abdominal pain. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. Wood is used for furniture, as timber, and fuel wood. |
| (18) | Buxus wallichiana Baillon | Shamshad | Buxaceae | | Leaves are used as purgative. |
| (19) | Berberis lyceum Royle. | Kwaray | Berberidaceae | Shurb | Root bark is used for treatment of hepatitis, blood purifier, in throat infection, and in asthma. The plant is also used as fuel. |
| (20) | Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. | Paprha (Zelai) | Cuscutaceae | Herb | Stem is used for fever and skin itching, also used as antifertility agent. |
| (21) | Cupressus sempervirence L. | Sarwa | Cupressaceae | Tree | The fruit is used as warming agent, anthelmintic, and astringent. Cultivated in gardens as ornamental tree. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (22) | Cotoneaster nummularia Fiseh & Mey. | Kharawa | Rosaceae | Tree | Fruit is used as astringent and expectorant. Wood is used as fuel. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. |
| (23) | Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. Ex Lindley. | Mamanrha | Rosaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Stolons are used as haemostatic. Wood used as fuel. |
| (24) | Chenopodium ambrosioides L. | Skhabotay (Kamasal Bhang) | Chenoppdiaceae | Herb | Juice of shoot is used for fever, especially for malarial fever. |
| (25) | Chenopodium album L. | Sarmay | Chenoppdiaceae | Herb | Leaves and young shoots are cooked as vegetable. |
| (26) | Celtis australis. | Tagha | Ulmaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Wood is used in furniture, for timber and as fuel. |
| (27) | Cichorium intybus Linn. | Han | Asteraceae | Herb | Leaves are used as anti-inflammatory and for hepatic complaints. |
| (28) | Cedrela serrata Royle. | Shnai | Meliaceae | Tree | Leaves are used for digestive problems, as fodder for cattle. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (29) | Carthamus oxycantha M. Bieb. | Azghibotay | Asteraceae | Herb | Leaves are used as antiseptic. Seed are used for skin itching. |
| (30) | Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Brown. | Pamankay | Asclepiadaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetable. Juice is used for diabetes. |
| (31) | Capsella bursa—pastoris. (L.) Medic. | Bambessa | Brasssicaceae | Herb | The leaves and flowering tops are cooked as vegetables and also used as fodder for cattle. The plant is also used as salad. |
| (32) | Cannabis sativa Linn. | Bhang | Cannabinaceae | Herb | Juice of leaves is used for treating malaria and to relieve pain. Leaves are used for male impotency. Also used for flatulence and colic pain. Female plant is used in making hashish (chars). |
| (33) | Cana indica Linn. | Tasfa Botay | Cannaceae | Shurb | Cultivated as ornamental and also used for making hedges. |
| (34) | Calotropis procera (Wild) R. Brown. | Spalmai | Asclepiadaceae | Herb | Paste of leaves in oil is used as pain killer, to cure skin itch, and scabies. The root bark is used for the treatment of cholera and constipation. |
| (35) | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Kabal | Poaceae | Herb | Grown in lawns, as fodder for grazing cattle. Crushed shoots are used as haemostatic. |
| (36) | Duchesnea indica (Andr) Folke. | Da Zmake thooth. | Rosaceae | Herb | Fruit is used as tonic, especially, as cooling agent. Fruit juice is used for eye infections. |
| (37) | Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq. | Ghwarhaskay | Sapindaceae | Shrub | Ash is used to treat burns and skin infections. Water extracts of leaves is used as antihelmentic. Plant is used as thatching material in building of houses. The plant is a good source of fuel for the locals. |
| (38) | Diospyrus kaki L. | Sur Amlok | Ebenaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible and also a source of income for the locals, sold locally and in other parts of the country. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (39) | Diospyrus lotus L. | Tor Amlok | Ebenaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible and also used in diarrhea. Leaves are used as fodder for goat and sheep. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (40) | Debregeasia saeneb F. | Ijrhrai | Urticaceae | Tree | Wood is used as fuel. |
| (41) | Delphinium roylei Munz. | — | Ranunculaceae | Herb | Seeds are used as insecticide. |
| (42) | Daphne macronata Royle. | Lighonay | Thymeleaceae | Shrub | Leaves are used as purgative. Shoots are used as fuel. |
| (43) | Euphorbia heliscopia Linn. | Mandanrho | Euphorbiaceae | Herb | Seed are purgative. Latex is used for skin diseases and to extract spine from skin. |
| (44) | Euphorbia hirta Linn. | Jaghje | Euphorbiaceae | Herb | Seeds are used as tonic and for the treatment of diarrhea. |
| (45) | Eugenia jamblana Lam. | Jaman | Myrtaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible and used for liver problems. Bark is used as mouth wash, seed are used for diabetes, leaves are used in dysentery. |
| (46) | Equisitum arvense L. | Bandakay | Equisetaceae | Herb | Used for inflammation of urinary bladder and other urine problems. |
| (47) | Eupharsia malaica Wetts | Ghutyalay | Scrophulariaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetable. |
| (48) | Fummaria indica (Hausskn) Pugsl | Krachay (Paprha) | Fumariaceae | Herb | Used as blood purifier, for pimples, and inflammation of heals and palms. |
| (49) | Galium aparine L. | — | Rubiaceae | Climber | Whole plant is used as diuretic, for urinary tract problems, and in fever. |
| (50) | Gymnosporia royleana (Wall) Lawson. | Sur Azghay | Celastraceae | Shrub | Seed are used for male impotency. |
| (51) | Ficus palmata Forssk. | Inzar | Moraceae | Tree | Fruit is edible, eaten fresh as well as dried. The tree is believed sacred and, therefore, the people avoid using it as fuel. Latex is used to extract spine from skin. |
| (52) | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Kaga | Apiaceae | Herb | Fruit is used as carminative, used to control vomiting, and as flavoring agent. |
| (53) | Allium sativum L. | Ogakai | Alliaceae | Herb | Eaten uncooked. Used as spice. Grinded and mixed with maize floor to prepare spicy bread. |
| (54) | Heracleum candicans Wall.ex DC. | Skhwara | Apiaceae | Herb | Used for cough and throat infections. |
| (55) | Iris germanica L. | | Iridaceae | Herb | Roots are used elevate body pain. Cultivated on graves. |
| (56) | Ipomoea purpurea (Linn.) Roth. | Prewata | Convolvulaceae | Herb | Ornamental. |
| (57) | Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. | Speaker Gul | Convolvulaceae | Herb | Ornamental. |
| (58) | Indigofera gerardiana Wall. ex Baker | Ghawareja | Papilionaceae | Shrub | Leaves are used for colic pain. Woods is used as fuel. Shoots are used for making baskets and other similar articles. |
| (59) | Juglan regia Linn. | Ghuz | Juglandaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible and consumed as dry fruit. Peel of bark and roots, locally called Dandasa is used for cleaning teeth and to colour lips. Wood is used for furniture and as a timber. |
| (60) | Justicia adhatoda L. | Baikarh | Acanthaceae | Shrub | Leaves are used for cough and cold. |
| (61) | Lycopus europaeus Linn. | — | Lamiaceae | | The leaves are used as antiseptics. |
| (62) | Myrtus communis L. | Asta Ghonay (Manrho) | Myrtaceae | Shrub | Fruits are edible. Leaves are used in colic and in diarrhea. |
| (63) | Myrsine africana Linn. | — | Myrsinaceae | Shrub | Leaves are used as blood purifier. Fruit is used as antihelmintic, for colic pain. Shoots are used for making hedges. |
| (64) | Monotheca buxifolia (Falc) A.DC. | Gwargurah | Sapotaceae | Shrub | Fruit is edible. Plant is also used as fuel. |
| (65) | Morus lavaegata Wallich. Ex Brandis. | Shahthooth. | Moraceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. |
| (66) | Morus alba L. | Spen Thooth | Moraceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. Wood is used for making furniture, for timber, for making agriculture tools and as a fuel. |
| (67) | Morus nigra L. | Tor thooth | Moraceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Wood is used in making furniture, for timber, for making agriculture tools, and as a fuel. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. |
| (68) | Mirabilis jalapa Linn. | Gule Badi | Nyctaginaceae | Shrub | Leaves are used to treat abscess. Root tubers are used as pain killer and also for treatment of typhoid. |
| (69) | Micromeria biflora Benth. | Shamakay | Lamiaceae | Herb | Leaves used as antiemotic. Also used in flu. |
| (70) | Mentha longifolia (Linn) Huds. | Venalay | Lamiaceae | Herb | Leaves are used to reduce gastric acidity, used as antispasmodic, carminative, and to relieve abdominal pain. Leaves are widely used to flavour local food named Gungrhi. |
| (71) | Mentha arvensis L. | Phodena | Lamiaceae | Herb | Leaves are used to reduce gastric acidity and also used as antispasmodic, carminative, and to relieve abdominal pain. Also used to make Chanti and as flavouring agent in a variety of food items. |
| (72) | Melia azedarach L. | Tora Bekanrha | Meliaceae | Tree | Leaves are used as antiseptic and antibiotic. Water extracts of leaves is used as antilice and antidandruff agent. Wood is used for making furniture and also for burning and for timber purposes. |
| (73) | Matricaria chamomilla Auct. | — | Asteraceae | Herb | Flowers are used as carminative, in digestive disorders, and for colic pain. |
| (74) | Malva sylvestris L. | Shonchal | Malvaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetable. |
| (75) | Morchella esculenta Fr. | Gojay | Morchellaceae | Mushroom | Used as food. Very expensive, sold to earn. Mainly exported in dry form. |
| (76) | Nerum oleander L. | Ghanderay | Apocynaceae | Shrub | Plant is usually cultivated for ornamental purposes, leaf aqueous extract is used for skin itching. |
| (77) | Nasturtium officinale R. Br. | Talmera | Brassicaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetable. Cooked herb is used in tetanus. |
| (78) | Narcissus poeticus L. | Gule Nargas | Amaryllidaceae | Herb | Flowers are used for ornamental purposes. Grown on graves. |
| (79) | Oxalis corniculata L. | Nainzakai Tarokai | Oxalidaceae | Herb | Eaten fresh and used as spice. Used to remove rust from metallic articles. |
| (80) | Onosma hispidum Wall. | Abai Abai | Boraginaceae | Herb | Root is used as purgative. |
| (81) | Olea ferrginea Royle. | Khona | Oleaceae | Tree | Olive oil is use externally as antiseptic and anodyne. Leaves are used in diabetes. Wood is used as fuel and for furniture. Usually cultivated in graveyards. Has become endangered species. |
| (82) | Ocimum basilicum L. | Kashmalay | Lamiaceae | Herb | Leaves are used in cough and flu. Seed are added to cold drinks. Also grown as ornament. |
| (83) | Pyrus communis L. | Nashpatai | Rosaceae | Tree | Food is edible. Fruit is source of income, sold locally and in other parts of the country. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (84) | Pyrus pashia Buch-ham ex. Don. | Batangi | Rosaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (85) | Punica granatum L. | Anangori. | Punicaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Ash of fruit rind is used in hepatitis, digestive problems, and urinary problems. |
| (86) | Populus nigra L. | Sperdar | Salicaceae | Tree | Wood is very useful and used in making furniture, used in timber. Branches are used as fuel wood. Leaves as fodder. |
| (87) | Portulaca oleracea L. | Zangali Warkhrhay | Portulacaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetables. Also used as demulcent. |
| (88) | Portulaca quadrifida L. | Zangali Warkhrhay | Portulacaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetable. |
| (89) | Polygonum aviculare L. | Bandakay | Polygonaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetable. |
| (90) | Platanus orientalis L. | Chinar | Platanaceae | Tree | Leaves are used in dysentery. Wood is used for making furniture, timber, and also as fuel. Dry leaves are also used as fuel. |
| (91) | Plantago lanceolata L. | Jabai | Plantaginaceae. | Herb | Leaves are used for treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. Also used as wound dressing and antiseptic. |
| (92) | Plantago major L. | Jabai | Plantaginaceae | Herb | Leaves are used as tonic and antiseptic, Also used for fever. |
| (93) | Pinus roxburghii Sargent. | Nakhtar | Pinaceae | Tree | Resin is used as antihelminitic agent. Wood is used as fuel and timber. Dried leaves locally called Barwaza are used to spread below mates in mosques. Dried leaves are also used as packing material for local fruits (apple, apricot, peach, and pyrus) |
| (94) | Periploca aphylla Decne. | Barrha | Asclepiadaceae | Shrub | Stem is used as laxative. Milky juice of shoot is used in fever. |
| (95) | Papaver pavoninum Schrenk. | Sur gulay | Papveraceae | Herb | Flowers are used as sedative. |
| (96) | Quercus incana Roxb. | Spin Banj | Fabaceae | Tree | Fruits are used for controlling excessive urination and kidney problems, also used for inflammations. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (97) | Quercus dilatata Lindl. Ex Royle. | Tor Banj | Fabaceae | Tree | Fruit is used for digestive problems and asthma. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (98) | Rumex hastatus D.Don. | Tarokay | Polygonaceae | Herb | Leaves used as carminative, diuretic, and used in jaundice. Leaves are cooked as vegetable and also eaten uncooked. |
| (99) | Rumex dentatus. L. | Shalkhay | Polygonaceae | Herb | Cooked as vegetables. Also used to treat constipation in cattle. |
| (100) | Rubus fruticosus Agg. | Karwarha | Rosaceae | Shrub | Fruit is edible. Plants are used for making hedges. |
| (101) | Rosa webbiana Wallich ex Royle | Zangali Gulab | Rosaceae | Shrub | Used for making hedges and as ornament. |
| (102) | Rubus ellipticus Smith. | Pulwarhi | Rosaceae | Shrub | Fruit is edible and is useful for removal of kidney stone. Plants are grown for making hedges. |
| (103) | Salix acmophylla L. | Walla. | Salicaceae | Tree | Leaves are used externally to relieve pain. Wood is used for furniture, timber, and as fuel. |
| (104) | Robinia pseduacacia L. | Kikar | Papilionaceae | Tree | Wood is used as fuel. Honey bee plant. Cultivated as road-side shade plant. |
| (105) | Ricinus communis L. | Arhanda | Euphorbiaceae | Tree | Seed oil is used as laxative, applied to swellings and to treat constipation. Local Hakeems use it as antidote for arsenic poisoning. Seeds are use for cough, fever, and headache. |
| (106) | Rabdosia rugosa (Wallich ex. Benth) Hara. | Spaerkay | Lamiaceae | Herb | Leaves are used in colic. Leaf extract is also used as vermicide and insecticide. |
| Ranunculus muricatus L. | Ziar Gulay | Ranunculaceae | Herb | Used for treatment of schiatic pain. |
| (107) | Salvia moorcroftianaWall. ex Benth. | Khar Kwag | Lamiaceae | Herb | Leaves are used commonly to relive pain. |
| (108) | Stelaria media (L.) Vill. | Olalai | Carophyllaceae | Herb | Plant is cooked as vegetable, also used for constipation. |
| (109) | Sonchus oleraceous L. | Shawdapai | Asteraceae | Herb | Used as fodder for cattle, believed to enhance milk production. |
| (110) | Sonchus asper L. | Shawdapai | Asteraceae | Herb | Used as fodder for cattle. |
| (111) | Solanum surattense Burm.f. | Marhaghonay | Solanaceae | Herb | Seed along with mustard oil is used for treatment of migraine. Ash of plant is used as tonic and pain killer. |
| (112) | Solanum nigrum Auct. | Kach Machu | Solanaceae | Herb | Fruit is used for inflammation and liver problems. |
| (113) | Silene conidia L. | Mangotey | Caryophyllaceae | Herb | Used as vegetables (SAAG). |
| (114) | Sorghum halepense Pers. | Dadam | Poaceae | Herb | Mature plants are used as fodder for cattle. |
| (115) | Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) Muell. Arg. | Ladanrh | Busaceae | Shrub | Plant is used for digestive disorders. |
| (116) | Solanum dulcamara L. | Kachmacho | Solanaceae | Herb | Fruit is used for inflammation and liver problems. |
| (117) | Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | Worajakai | Asteraceae | Herb | Flower is used for jaundice and tuberculosis. |
| (118) | Salix babylonica L. | Walla | Salicaceae | Tree | Leaves are used externally as warming agent to relieve pain. Wood is used for furniture and timber, also used as fuel. |
| (119) | Sagittaria guyanensis Kunth | — | Alismataceae | Herb | Rhizome is used in skin diseases. |
| (120) | Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. | Lukha | Typhaceae | Herb | Plant is used as thatching material. Leaves are used as fodder. |
| (121) | Trifolium repens L. | Shautal | Papilionaceae | Herb | Used as fodder for cattle. The seeds are used for treatment of pimples. |
| (122) | Tribulus terrestris L. | Markundai | Zygophyllaceae | Herb | Seed are used as general tonic, used in urinary disorders and impotency. |
| (123) | Trachyspermum ammi L. | Spairkai | Apiaceae | Herb | Fruit is used as carminative, digestive, and in colic pain. |
| (124) | Thymus linearis Benth. | Da Payo Shamakay | Lamiaceae | Herb | Leaves are used in cough, flu,and fever. Seeds are added to milk to preserve it for longer duration. |
| (125) | Thuja orientalis L. | Warha Sarwa | Cupressaceae | Shrub | Ornamental. |
| (126) | Taraxacum officinale Webber. | Ziarh Gulay | Asteraceae | Herb | Roots are used in diabetes and for kidney problems. |
| (127) | Tagetes minuta L. | Hamesha | Asteraceae | Herb | Ornamental. |
| (128) | Urtica dioica Linn. | Sezonkay | Urticaceae | Herb | Whole plant is used as diuretic, also used in jaundice. |
| (129) | Verbascum Thapsus L. | Khardag | Scrophulariaceae | Herb | Leaves are used externally to relieve pain. |
| (130) | Voila Canescens Wall. | Banafsha | Violaceae | Herb | Leaves are used in fevers, flu, and as expectorant. |
| (131) | Voila biflora L. | Banafsha | Violaceae | Herb | Leaves are used in fevers, flu, and as expectorant. |
| (132) | Vitex negundo L. | Marvandai | Lamiaceae | Shrub | Leaves are used in digestive problems. Wood is used as fuel wod. |
| (133) | Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | Koti Lal | Solanaceae | Herb | Roots bark along with sugar is used as tonic, galactagogue. Also used to relieve back ache. |
| (134) | Xanthium stramarium. Linn. | Jishkay | Asteraceae | Woody herb | Leaves are used for treatment of asthma. Stem ash is used as pain killer. The plant is also used as fuel. Leaves are grazed by cattle. |
| (135) | Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. | Mada Bera | Rhamnaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Wood is used as fuel. |
| (136) | Zizyphus sativa Gaertn | Markhanry | Rhamnaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Leaves and fruit are believed as antibiotic and antidiabetic. Wood is used as fuel wood. Leaves are grazed by cattle. |
| (137) | Zizyhus oxyphyla Edgew | Elanai | Rhamnaceae | Tree | Fruit is edible. Leaves and fruit are believed to be antibiotic and antidiabetic. Wood is used as fuel. Root extract is used for hepatitis. Fruit is also used as heart tonic. |
| (138) | Zanthoxylum armatum DC. | Dambara | Rutaceae | Shrub | Fruit is used for treating stomach disorders and also as spices. |
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