Copyright © 2010 Yoshio Osada and Tamotsu Kanazawa. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. D. P. Strachan, “Hay fever, hygiene, and household size,” British Medical Journal, vol. 299, no. 6710, pp. 1259–1260, 1989. View at Scopus
2. J. F. Kurtzke, “Multiple sclerosis in time and space—geographic clues to cause,” Journal of NeuroVirology, vol. 6, supplement 2, pp. S134–S140, 2000. View at Scopus
3. D. E. Elliott, R. W. Summers, and J. V. Weinstock, “Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation,” International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 457–464, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
4. P. Zaccone, Z. Fehervari, J. M. Phillips, D. W. Dunne, and A. Cooke, “Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases,” Parasite Immunology, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 515–523, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
5. C. Green, L. Elliott, C. Beaudoin, and C. N. Bernstein, “A population-based ecologic study of inflammatory bowel disease: searching for etiologic clues,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 164, no. 7, pp. 615–623, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
6. H. Aoyama, T. Hirata, H. Sakugawa, et al., “An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and strongyloides stercoralis infection,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 972–976, 2007. View at Scopus
7. C. Flohr, R. J. Quinnell, and J. Britton, “Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?” Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 20–32, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
8. D. M. McKay, “The therapeutic helminth?” Trends in Parasitology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 109–114, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
9. P. Zaccone, O. T. Burton, and A. Cooke, “Interplay of parasite-driven immune responses and autoimmunity,” Trends in Parasitology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 35–42, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
10. K. J. Erb, “Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?” Trends in Immunology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 75–82, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
11. H. Park, Z. Li, X. O. Yang, et al., “A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17,” Nature Immunology, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 1133–1141, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
12. T. Aranami and T. Yamamura, “Th17 cells and autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE/MS),” Allergology International, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 115–120, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
13. Y. Komiyama, S. Nakae, T. Matsuki, et al., “IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 566–573, 2006. View at Scopus
14. H. Toyoda and B. Formby, “Contribution of T cells to the development of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse model,” BioEssays, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 750–757, 1998. View at Scopus
15. J. Cantor and K. Haskins, “Effector function of diabetogenic CD4 Th1 T cell clones: a central role for TNF-$\alpha$,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 175, no. 11, pp. 7738–7745, 2005. View at Scopus
16. J.-T. Hung, J.-H. Liao, Y.-C. Lin, et al., “Immunopathogenic role of TH1 cells in autoimmune diabetes: evidence from a T1 and T2 doubly transgenic non-obese diabetic mouse model,” Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 181–192, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
17. D. Bending, H. De La Peña, M. Veldhoen, et al., “Highly purified Th17 cells from BDC2.5NOD mice convert into Th1-like cells in NOD/SCID recipient mice,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 565–572, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
18. N. Martin-Orozco, Y. Chung, S. H. Chang, Y.-H. Wang, and C. Dong, “Th17 cells promote pancreatic inflammation but only induce diabetes efficiently in lymphopenic hosts after conversion into Th1 cells,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 216–224, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
19. L. Camoglio, A. A. te Velde, A. de Boer, F. J. ten Kate, M. Kopf, and S. J. van Deventer, “Hapten-induced colitis associated with maintained Th1 and inflammatory responses in IFN-$\gamma$ receptor-deficient mice,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1486–1495, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. K. Tozawa, H. Hanai, K. Sugimoto, et al., “Evidence for the critical role of interleukin-12 but not interferon-$\gamma$ in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis in mice,” Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 578–587, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. T. Dohi, K. Fujihashi, H. Kiyono, C. O. Elson, and J. R. McGhee, “Mice deficient in Th1- and Th2-type cytokines develop distinct forms of hapten-induced colitis,” Gastroenterology, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 724–733, 2000. View at Scopus
22. Z. Zhang, M. Zheng, J. Bindas, P. Schwarzenberger, and J. K. Kolls, “Critical role of IL-17 receptor signaling in acute TNBS-induced colitis,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 382–388, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
23. W. O'Connor Jr., M. Kamanaka, C. J. Booth, et al., “A protective function for interleukin 17A in T cell-mediated intestinal inflammation,” Nature Immunology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 603–609, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
24. A. C. La Flamme, K. Ruddenklau, and B. T. Bäckström, “Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 4996–5004, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. D. Sewell, Z. Qing, E. Reinke, et al., “Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization,” International Immunology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 59–69, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. X. Zheng, X. Hu, G. Zhou, et al., “Soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum modulates the progression of chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Th2-shift response,” Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 194, no. 1-2, pp. 107–114, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
27. A. Gruden-Movsesijan, N. Ilic, M. Mostarica-Stojkovic, S. Stosic-Grujicic, M. Milic, and Lj. Sofronic-Milosavljevic, “Trichinella spiralis: modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats,” Experimental Parasitology, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 641–647, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
28. N. E. Ruyssers, B. Y. De Winter, J. G. De Man, et al., “Therapeutic potential of helminth soluble proteins in TNBS induced colitis in mice,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 491–500, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
29. D. E. Elliott, J. Li, A. Blum, et al., “Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 284, no. 3, pp. G385–G391, 2003. View at Scopus
30. T. G. Moreels, R. J. Nieuwendijk, J. G. De Man, et al., “Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats,” Gut, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 99–107, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. H.-M. Mo, W.-Q. Liu, J.-H. Lei, Y.-L. Cheng, C.-Z. Wang, and Y.-L. Li, “Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of $\text{CD}{4}^{+}$$\text{CD}{25}^{+}$ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice,” Experimental Parasitology, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 385–389, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
32. P. Zaccone, O. Burton, N. Miller, F. M. Jones, D. W. Dunne, and A. Cooke, “Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1098–1107, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
33. N. E. Mangan, N. van Rooijen, A. N. J. McKenzie, and P. G. Fallon, “Helminth-modified pulmonary immune response protects mice from allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 176, no. 1, pp. 138–147, 2006. View at Scopus
34. N. E. Mangan, R. E. Fallon, P. Smith, N. van Rooijen, A. N. McKenzie, and P. G. Fallon, “Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 173, no. 10, pp. 6346–6356, 2004. View at Scopus
35. J. Yang, J. Zhao, Y. Yang, et al., “Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate $\text{CD}{4}^{+}$$\text{CD}{25}^{+}$ T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma,” Immunology, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 8–18, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
36. M. S. Wilson, M. D. Taylor, A. Balic, C. A. M. Finney, J. R. Lamb, and R. M. Maizels, “Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 202, no. 9, pp. 1199–1212, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
37. F. A. C. Rocha, A. K. R. M. Leite, M. M. L. Pompeu, et al., “Protective effect of an extract from Ascaris suum in experimental arthritis models,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 2736–2745, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
38. D. M. Itami, T. M. Oshiro, C. A. Araujo, et al., “Modulation of murine experimental asthma by Ascaris suum components,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 873–879, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
39. M. P. Hübner, J. T. Stocker, and E. Mitre, “Inhibition of type 1 diabetes in filaria-infected non-obese diabetic mice is associated with a T helper type 2 shift and induction of $\text{FoxP}{3}^{+}$ regulatory T cells,” Immunology, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 512–522, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
40. Q. Liu, K. Sundar, P. K. Mishra, et al., “Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 77, no. 12, pp. 5347–5358, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
41. M. M. Hunter, A. Wang, C. L. Hirota, and D. M. McKay, “Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 174, no. 11, pp. 7368–7375, 2005. View at Scopus
42. C. Lima, A. Perini, M. L. B. Garcia, M. A. Martins, M. M. Teixeira, and M. S. Macedo, “Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1659–1666, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. A. M. Dittrich, A. Erbacher, S. Specht, et al., “Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 3, pp. 1792–1799, 2008. View at Scopus
44. A. Melon, A. Wang, V. Phan, and D. M. McKay, “Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta is more effective than daily corticosteroids in blocking chemically-induced colitis in mice,” Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2010, Article ID 384523, 7 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
45. A. Espinoza-Jiménez, I. Rivera-Montoya, R. Cardenas-Arreola, L. Morán, and L. I. Terrazas, “Taenia crassiceps Infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes,” Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2010, Article ID 850541, 11 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
46. S. Romagnani, “Regulation of the T cell response,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1357–1366, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
47. Y. Osada, S. Shimizu, T. Kumagai, S. Yamada, and T. Kanazawa, “Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators,” International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 457–464, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
48. D. E. Elliott, A. Metwali, J. Leung, et al., “Colonization with Heligmosomoides polygyrus suppresses mucosal IL-17 production,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 181, no. 4, pp. 2414–2419, 2008. View at Scopus
49. K. P. Walsh, M. T. Brady, C. M. Finlay, L. Boon, and K. H. Mills, “Infection with a helminth parasite attenuates autoimmunity through TGF-$\beta$-mediated suppression of Th17 and Th1 responses,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, no. 3, pp. 1577–1586, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
50. A. S. McKee and E. J. Pearce, “$\text{CD}{25}^{+}$$\text{CD}{4}^{+}$ cells contribute to Th2 polarization during helminth infection by suppressing Th1 response development,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 173, no. 2, pp. 1224–1231, 2004. View at Scopus
51. A. H. J. van den Biggelaar, R. van Ree, L. C. Rodrigues, et al., “Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10,” The Lancet, vol. 356, no. 9243, pp. 1723–1727, 2000. View at Scopus
52. M. Medeiros Jr., J. P. Figueiredo, M. C. Almeida, et al., “Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with a reduced course of asthma,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 947–951, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
53. C. Flohr, L. N. Tuyen, R. J. Quinnell, et al., “Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 131–142, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
54. E. Pinelli, C. Withagen, M. Fonville, et al., “Persistent airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation in Toxocara canis-infected BALB/c mice,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 826–832, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
55. E. Pinelli, S. Brandes, J. Dormans, E. Gremmer, and H. van Loveren, “Infection with the roundworm Toxocara canis leads to exacerbation of experimental allergic airway inflammation,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 649–658, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
56. P. G. Fallon and N. E. Mangan, “Suppression of TH2-type allergic reactions by helminth infection,” Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 220–230, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
57. G. Matera, A. Giancotti, S. Scalise, et al., “Ascaris lumbricoides-induced suppression of total and specific IgE responses in atopic subjects is interleukin 10-independent and associated with an increase of $\text{CD}{25}^{+}$ cells,” Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 280–286, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
58. L. W. Collison, C. J. Workman, T. T. Kuo, et al., “The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function,” Nature, vol. 450, no. 7169, pp. 566–569, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
59. A. J. Melendez, M. M. Harnett, P. N. Pushparaj, et al., “Inhibition of Fc$\epsilon$RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes,” Nature Medicine, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1375–1381, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
60. M. Rodríguez-Sosa, A. R. Satoskar, R. Calderón, et al., “Chronic helminth infection induces alternatively activated macrophages expressing high levels of CCR5 with low interleukin-12 production and Th2-biasing ability,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 3656–3664, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
61. D. R. Herbert, C. Hölscher, M. Mohrs, et al., “Alternative macrophage activation is essential for survival during schistosomiasis and downmodulates T helper 1 responses and immunopathology,” Immunity, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 623–635, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
62. R. M. Anthony, J. F. Urban, F. Alem, et al., “Memory ${\text{T}}_{\text{H}}2$ cells induce alternatively activated macrophages to mediate protection against nematode parasites,” Nature Medicine, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 955–960, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
63. F. O. Martinez, L. Helming, and S. Gordon, “Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective,” Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 27, pp. 451–483, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
64. P. Smith, N. E. Mangan, C. M. Walsh, et al., “Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 178, no. 7, pp. 4557–4566, 2007. View at Scopus
65. J. M. Stuart, A. S. Townes, and A. H. Kang, “Nature and specificity of the immune response to collagen in type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 673–683, 1982. View at Scopus
66. L. A. B. Joosten, E. Lubberts, M. M. A. Helsen, and W. B. van den Berg, “Dual role of IL-12 in early and late stages of murine collagen type II arthritis,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 159, no. 8, pp. 4094–4102, 1997. View at Scopus
67. E. F. Rosloniec, K. Latham, and Y. B. Guedez, “Paradoxical roles of IFN-$\gamma$ in models in Th1-mediated autoimmunity,” Arthritis Research, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 333–336, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
68. B. De Klerck, I. Carpentier, R. J. Lories, et al., “Enhanced osteoclast development in collagen-induced arthritis in interferon-$\gamma$ receptor knock-out mice as related to increased splenic $\text{CD}11{\text{b}}^{\text{+}}$ myelopoiesis,” Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. R220–R231, 2004. View at Scopus
69. H. Kelchtermans, B. De Klerck, T. Mitera, et al., “Defective $\text{CD}{4}^{+}$$\text{CD}{25}^{+}$ regulatory T cell functioning in collagen-induced arthritis: an important factor in pathogenesis, counter-regulated by endogenous IFN-gamma,” Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. R402–R415, 2005. View at Scopus
70. I. M. Irmler, M. Gajda, and R. Bräuer, “Exacerbation of antigen-induced arthritis in IFN-$\gamma$-deficient mice as a result of unrestricted IL-17 response,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 179, no. 9, pp. 6228–6236, 2007. View at Scopus
71. C.-Q. Chu, D. Swart, D. Alcorn, J. Tocker, and K. B. Elkon, “Interferon-$\gamma$ regulates susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis through suppression of interleukin-17,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1145–1151, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
72. C. A. Murphy, C. L. Langrish, Y. Chen, et al., “Divergent pro- and antiinflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-12 in joint autoimmune inflammation,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 198, no. 12, pp. 1951–1957, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
73. S. Nakae, A. Nambu, K. Sudo, and Y. Iwakura, “Suppression of immune induction of collagen-induced arthritis in IL-17-deficient mice,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 171, no. 11, pp. 6173–6177, 2003. View at Scopus
74. E. Lubberts, L. van den Bersselaar, B. Oppers-Walgreen, et al., “IL-17 promotes bone erosion in murine collagen-induced arthritis through loss of the receptor activator of NF-$\kappa$B ligand/osteoprotegerin balance1,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 170, no. 5, pp. 2655–2662, 2003. View at Scopus
75. T. Yago, Y. Nanke, M. Kawamoto, et al., “IL-23 induces human osteoclastogenesis via IL-17 in vitro, and anti-IL-23 antibody attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in rats,” Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 9, no. 5, article R96, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
76. E. Lubberts, M. Koenders, and W. B. van den Berg, “The role of T cell interleukin-17 in conducting destructive arthritis: lessons from animal models,” Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 29–37, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
77. S. Kotake, N. Udagawa, N. Takahashi, et al., “IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 1345–1352, 1999. View at Scopus
78. I. B. McInnes, B. P. Leung, M. Harnett, J. A. Gracie, F. Y. Liew, and W. Harnett, “A novel therapeutic approach targeting articular inflammation using the filarial nematode-derived phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein ES-62,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 2127–2133, 2003. View at Scopus
79. S. L. Atkin, M. Kamel, A. M. A. El-Hady, S. A. El-Badawy, A. El-Ghobary, and W. C. Dick, “Schistosomiasis and inflammatory polyarthritis: a clinical, radiological and laboratory study of 96 patients infected by S. mansoni with particular reference to the diarthrodial joint,” Quarterly Journal of Medicine, vol. 59, no. 229, pp. 479–487, 1986. View at Scopus
80. H. I. Ismail, F. A. Sallam, and H. A. Sheer, “The pathogenesis of arthropathy in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni,” Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 943–949, 2000. View at Scopus
81. A. Cooke, P. Tonks, F. M. Jones, et al., “Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice,” Parasite Immunology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 169–176, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
82. L. A. B. Joosten, M. M. A. Helsen, T. Saxne, F. A. J. van De Loo, D. Heinegård, and W. B. van den Berg, “IL-1$\alpha$$\beta$ blockade prevents cartilage and bone destruction in murine type II collagen-induced arthritis, whereas TNF-$\alpha$ blockade only ameliorates joint inflammation,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 163, no. 9, pp. 5049–5055, 1999.
83. N. Takagi, M. Mihara, Y. Moriya, et al., “Blockage of interleukin-6 receptor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 2117–2121, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
84. A. Kavanaugh, “Interleukin-6 inhibition and clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis treatment—data from randomized clinical trials,” Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, vol. 65, supplement 1, pp. S16–S20, 2007.
85. M. Tunyogi-Csapo, K. Kis-Toth, M. Radacs, et al., “Cytokine-controlled RANKL and osteoprotegerin expression by human and mouse synovial fibroblasts: fibroblast-mediated pathologic bone resorption,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 2397–2408, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
86. E. Romas, M. T. Gillespie, and T. J. Martin, “Involvement of receptor activator of NF$\kappa$B ligand and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis,” Bone, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 340–346, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
87. E. Lubberts, B. Oppers-Walgreen, A. R. Pettit, et al., “Increase in expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor $\kappa$B at sites of bone erosion correlates with progression of inflammation in evolving collagen-induced arthritis,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 3055–3064, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
88. E. Romas, O. Bakharevski, D. K. Hards, et al., “Expression of osteoclast differentiation factor at sites of bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 821–826, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
89. A. Reddy and B. Fried, “An update on the use of helminths to treat Crohn's and other autoimmunune diseases,” Parasitology Research, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 217–221, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
90. R. W. Summers, D. E. Elliot, J. F. Urban Jr., R. Thompson, and J. V. Weinstock, “Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease,” Gut, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 87–90, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
91. R. W. Summers, D. E. Elliott, J. F. Urban Jr., R. A. Thompson, and J. V. Weinstock, “Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial,” Gastroenterology, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 825–832, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
92. K. Mortimer, A. Brown, J. Feary, et al., “Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 914–920, 2006.
93. P. Velupillai, W. E. Secor, A. M. Horauf, and D. A. Harn, “B-1 cell ($\text{CD}{5}^{+}$$\text{B}{220}^{+}$) outgrowth in murine schistosomiasis is genetically restricted and is largely due to activation by polylactosamine sugars,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 338–344, 1997.
94. O. Atochina, A. A. Da'dara, M. Walker, and D. A. Harn, “The immunomodulatory glycan LNFPIII initiates alternative activation of murine macrophages in vivo,” Immunology, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 111–121, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
95. P. Smith, R. E. Fallon, N. E. Mangan, et al., “Schistosoma mansoni secretes a chemokine binding protein with antiinflammatory activity,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 202, no. 10, pp. 1319–1325, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
96. T. Kumagai, Y. Osada, N. Ohta, and T. Kanazawa, “Peroxiredoxin-1 from Schistosoma japonicum functions as a scavenger against hydrogen peroxide but not nitric oxide,” Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 26–31, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
97. S. Donnelly, C. M. Stack, S. M. O'Neill, A. A. Sayed, D. L. Williams, and J. P. Dalton, “Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages,” FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 4022–4032, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
98. G. Schramm, F. H. Falcone, A. Gronow, et al., “Molecular characterization of an interleukin-4-inducing factor from Schistosoma mansoni eggs,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 20, pp. 18384–18392, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
99. Y. Kina, S. Fukumoto, K. Miura, et al., “A glycoprotein from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids suppresses osteoclastogenesis and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression,” International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 35, no. 13, pp. 1399–1406, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
100. N. Acevedo, J. Sánchez, A. Erler, et al., “IgE cross-reactivity between Ascaris and domestic mite allergens: the role of tropomyosin and the nematode polyprotein ABA-1,” Allergy, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 1635–1643, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
101. J. J. Reece, M. C. Siracusa, T. L. Southard, C. F. Brayton, J. F. Urban Jr., and A. L. Scott, “Hookworm-induced persistent changes to the immunological environment of the lung,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 76, no. 8, pp. 3511–3524, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
102. F. Annunziato, L. Cosmi, F. Liotta, E. Maggi, and S. Romagnani, “Type 17 T helper cells-origins, features and possible roles in rheumatic disease,” Nature Reviews Rheumatology, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 325–331, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
103. S. Babu, S. Q. Bhat, N. P. Kumar, et al., “Human type 1 and 17 responses in latent tuberculosis are modulated by coincident filarial infection through cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 200, no. 2, pp. 288–298, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
104. Y. Yang, J. Weiner, Y. Liu, et al., “T-bet is essential for encephalitogenicity of both Th1 and Th17 cells,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 206, no. 7, pp. 1549–1564, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed