Comorbidities and Concomitant Medication Use in Men with Prostate Cancer or High Levels of PSA Compared to Matched Controls: A GPRD Analysis

Table 6

Underlying causes of deaths: CaP patients, men with elevated PSA but no CaP, and matched controls in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD, 1998–2008)¹.

	CaP patients and matched controls		Men with elevated PSA but no CaP and matched controls
	Cases (369 deaths)	Controls (263 deaths)	Cases (197 deaths)	Controls (365 deaths)
Neoplasms (% among all deaths)	59.6	8.1	13.3	8.8
Prostate cancer	57.7	0.0	4.6	0.0
Diseases of the circulatory system (%)	24.9	51.8	46.4	49.3
Acute myocardial infarction	5.7	11.7	8.7	12.3
Chronic ischaemic heart disease	4.6	11.2	10.6	10.1
Atherosclerotic heart disease	2.7	6.1	3.4	8.2
Stroke, not specified as haemorrhage or infarction	3.0	5.1	4.2	4.9
Cerebral infarction	0.8	2.5	1.5	0.8
Cerebrovascular disease	1.4	2.0	1.1	1.4
Abdominal aortic aneurysm, ruptured	0.3	2.0	1.9	1.4
Diseases of the respiratory system (%)	6.8	17.3	19.0	21.4
Bronchopneumonia	2.2	6.1	3.8	4.1
Pneumonia	0.3	3.6	4.2	3.0
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	2.2	2.5	7.2	6.8
Diseases of the nervous system (%)	1.4	6.6	4.2	3.8
Parkinson’s disease	1.1	2.0	1.5	1.4
Alzheimer’s disease	0.3	2.5	1.5	0.5
Diseases of the digestive system (%)	3.5	4.1	3.4	4.4
Diseases of the genitourinary system (%)	0.5	1.0	3.8	1.4
External causes of morbidity and mortality^2(%)	0.8	2.5	3.0	2.2
Others^3(%)	2.4	8.6	6.8	8.8

¹The linkage to the death certificate data was available for 1,226 patients, that is, 59% of 2,075 deaths. Of these, 1,194 men had underlying cause of death record. The underlying causes of death were recorded and described according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) [17]. Frequencies of more than 2% for individual events and of more than 3% for systems of diseases were reported.
²Including accidents, intentional self-harm, event of undetermined intent, and complications of medical and surgical care.
³Other reasons include endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, certain infectious and parasitic diseases, mental and behavioural disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified, and congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities.