Cross-sectional study using a population-based cancer registry. Data collected on new cancer cases diagnosed among Delhi urban resident population. The sources for cancer registration are more than 162 government hospitals/centres and 250 private hospitals and nursing homes.
Cross-sectional random sample of villages from Barshi rural cancer registry. House to house recruitment visits Eligibility: adult males were only included; interviewed for tobacco habits in 1995 and again in 2004-2005.
>14 years
Barshi (rural) and Mumbai (urban), Western Maharashtra
5,319 enrolled out of a random sample of 6,673 enrolled
Retrospective Study using data collected as part of a Cancer Registry of an urban and rural population reviewed over a 13 and 11 year period. Cancer registry data monitored by National Cancer Registry Programme of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
0–80 years
Chennai, Tamil Nadu (urban) & Barshi, Maharashtra (rural)
Urban registry recorded head and neck cancers. 6, 857 total; 4777 males, 2080 females. Rural registry recorded 325 total; 272 males, 53 females
Cluster-randomized, controlled trial of oral cancer screening in southern India. Participants were arranged in 13 clusters and randomized to either an intervention group or a control group. Subjects in the intervention group received 3 rounds of screening consisting of oral visual inspection by trained health workers at 3-year intervals.
>35 years
Kerala, South India (urban)
59,894 eligible subjects in the intervention group and 54,707 in the control group; 31.4% of the former group reported no tobacco or alcohol habits, compared with 44.1% of the latter
Case-control study conducted as a house to house survey interviewed for tobacco habits and examined for the presence of oral leukoplakia and precancerous lesions in a survey and then over a five-year period. Control group included the first 5 year results of a ten year followup study conducted in the same areas, but with different individuals within the population. Study was nested within another survey study using a cancer registry in Ernakulum, Srikakulam, and Bhavanagar.
>15 years
3 locations; Ernakulum, Kerala, Srikakulam, AP and Bhavanagar, Gujarat (rural)
36,471 participants selected based on use of tobacco chewing products and smoking. Followup rate: 97%
Cross sectional study using Cancer registry including the registration of incident cancer cases occurring in the resident population carried out by active case finding from medical records at major hospitals in government and private sectors, nursing homes, consultants, radiation centers, pathology laboratories, imaging centers, and hospices. House visits were undertaken annually for each registered case for data completion.
0–80
Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu-South (rural)
4516 incident cancers participants included in sample
Cross-sectional study using house to house recruitment techniques conducted during a population-based survey of tobacco users. Participants excluded based on loss to followup. Baseline diagnosis was conducted in 1977 and 106 in nine annual followup examinations conducted through the course of the study.
15–44 years
Ernakulam district, Kerala India (rural)
182 participants selected on the basis of presence of tongue lesions and the use of tobacco. 16 excluded from analyses
Prospective cohort, house to house recruitment, interviewed and examined in baseline survey to record details of tobacco use and examined for presence of oral cancer and reexamined annually for 10 years. Eligibility: any type of tobacco habit.
Cross-sectional study, hospital based, selected based on patient reporting to outpatient dental clinic department for oral complaints and provisional confirmation of clinical diagnosis. Patient interviews conducted. 117 initially included, 13 excluded due to insufficient information, and 24 declined biopsy.
Majority >51–60 years (Range: 1–71 years)
Nagpur, Maharashtra (urban)
80 cases of oral cancer; registered with demographic characteristics and history of tobacco use
Cross-sectional study conducted at 12 organizations and community centres; children with suspected vulnerability to tobacco usage interviewed and screened by trained social workers for precancerous lesions. Children suspected with suspicious oral lesions sent for further evaluation at diagnostic cancer facility.
3–21 years
Regions of Maharashtra and Assam (urban and rural)
1700 participants checked for precancerous lesions
Prospective cohort study embedded into a cluster randomized oral cancer screening trial evaluating role of alcohol intake and oral cavity caner risk; participants completed baseline lifestyle questionnaire on frequency and duration of alcohol consumption, and followed up for oral cancer incidence and mortality in Trivandrum oral cancer screening study.
Mixed Methods Study was conduced in 3 phases: first phase of the study consisted of a cross-section survey to determine the prevalence of oral cancer and precancerous lesions, second phase was a ten year followup survey to determine the incidence and natural history of oral precancer third phase was an intervention study aimed at persuading subjects to give up tobacco, and to measure the subsequent changes in the incidence and regression rate of oral precancer.
>15 years
Ernakulum district, Kerala, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, and Srikakulam district, AP (rural)
12 000 participants selected on the basis of tobacco use
Cross-sectional study, participants randomly selected to be interviewed. All persons were visited at home for an examination of the oral cavity and a detailed interview. Physical examination of the mouth was carried out before the detailed interview. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection Information about smoking status, diet, and access to mass media was obtained in each case and an examination of the oral cavity was performed.
Cross-sectional study of all residents in the area using cancer registry; all the households were visited by trained interviewers. Information collected on sociodemographic factors, religion, family income in rupees, education, occupation, lifestyles, and other factors, using a 6-page standardised questionnaire, baseline information collected on lifestyle, including tobacco chewing, and sociodemographic factors during the period.
Cross sectional study conducted in order to set up cancer registry at a local medical school in association with WHO, seven rural cancer detection clinics were setup and staffed by a team of specialists; an interview study was carried out for a 10% random sample of population using the cluster sampling method.
>35 years
Mainpuri district near Agra (rural)
34,997 participants 600 cases of oral cancer registered; 346 confirmed
