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| First Author | Diagnostic Criteria | Comments |
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| Manoharan et al. [3] | WHO-ICD Classification for different types of cancers including oral cancer | Age-adjusted (world population) incidence rates 116.9 per 100,000 for males and 116.7 per 100,000 for females. Leading sites among males lung (ASR: 13.8 per 100,000) followed by oral cavity (ASR: 11.4), prostate (ASR: 9.0), and larynx (ASR: 7.9). In females, breast (ASR: 30.2 per 100,000) most common site of cancer, followed by cervix uteri (ASR: 17.5), ovary (ASR: 8.5), and gallbladder (ASR: 7.4). |
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| Sunny et al. [10] | WHO-ICD Classification for different types of cancers including oral cancer | Age-adjusted rates, linear regression model based on the logarithm of the observed incidence rates. Annual percentage. |
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| Thorat et al. [11] | WHO (National Cancers Registry Project) ICD Classification | Incidence Rates for tobacco-dependent cancers. Prevalence of tobacco habits. |
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| Elango et al. [1] | WHO-ICD Classification | Age-adjusted rates and age specific incidence rates were calculated. Cumulative risk and corresponding confidence intervals were also calculated. Amongst all cancers, Tongue and Oral Cavity Cancer was the predominant site in all groups, except in rural males. |
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| Sankaranarayanan et al. [2] | WHO-ICD Classification | Of 3585 subjects in the intervention group referred, 52.4% were examined by physicians, 36 subjects with oral cancers, and 1310 with oral pre cancers were diagnosed. Of the 63 oral cancers recorded in the cancer registry, 47 were in the intervention group and 16 were in the control group, incidence rates of 56.1 and 20.3 per 100,000 person-years in the intervention and control groups. The program sensitivity for detection of oral cancer was 76.6% and the specificity 76.2%; the positive predictive value was 1.0% for oral cancer. In the intervention group, 72.3% of the cases were in Stages I-II, as opposed to 12.5% in the control Outcome measures were survival, case fatality, and oral cancer mortality. Oral cancer mortality in the study groups was analysed and compared by the use of cluster analysis. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated, sensitivity and specificity for oral cancer screening were also calculated. Data on oral cancer incidence, stage distribution, survival, and mortality in the study groups were linked with the records at Trivandrum population-based cancer registry and municipal death registration systems. |
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| Gupta et al. [12] | Interview, Clinical Mouth Examination and Standardised methods for diagnosis of Oral lesions; WHO-ICD Classification | Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated. |
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Malaowalla et al. [13] | Standardized method to include case confirmation of OCC based on biopsies. Leukoplakia defined as precancerous oral lesion | Oral cancer prevalence rate recorded at 50 per 100,000 and after followup was conducted, 25/100,000 per year—85% of participants reported oral habits of some form—tobacco, and/or combination with chewing pan or supari. |
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| Swaminathan et al. [14] | Standardized method to include Coding using WHO standard ICD Classification | Studied incidence pattern, of which, 1045 incident cancers registered in 2003 were followed up for estimating 5 year survival. Average annual age-standardized rate per 100,000 of all cancers higher among women (62.6) than men (51.9). Most common cancers for men stomach (5.6), mouth (4.2) and esophagus (3.7). (22.1) was ranked at the top among women followed by breast (10.9) and ovary (3.3). Cancer pattern was described using average annual incidence rates and survival experience was expressed by computing observed survival by actuarial method and age standardized relative survival (ASRS). |
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| Mehta et al. [15] | Oral pre cancer lesions defined as Central Papillary Atrophy of the tongue, identified by clinical examinations. Diagnosis subjective (pink area devoid of pappillae was present in the centre of the dorsum of the tongue), Biopsies not conducted | Distribution of individuals with CPA according to age and sex. Association between CPA and tobacco use. Correlational Analyses was also conducted between tobacco consumption and palatal lesions. (98%) lesions occurred among bidi smokers. Clinically, 31% occurred in combination with bidi smoking associated lesions such as palatal erythemia (14%), leukoplakia (8%), or both (3%). 10 year follow up (mean 6.7 year) of the 182 lesions showed that the regression was highest (87%) among those who stopped their smoking habit and persistence among those who did not reduce their smoking habits. |
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| Gupta et al. [16] | Oral mucous lesions as defined by presence of Oral Lichen planus or Oral Leukoplakia, WHO standardized criteria for Diagnosis | Age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 were calculated using person years method amongst those who stopped tobacco use. Incidence ratio of oral lichen planus to tobacco cessation habits (1.35) versus Oral leukoplakia to tobacco cessation (0.31). |
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| Khandekar et al. [4] | TNM Classification of the American Joint Committee for Cancer staging; Histopathology case diagnosis of oral cancer as verrucous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and moderate to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma | Statistical analyses conducted and limited to the use of percentages and proportions. |
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| Maudgal et al. [17] | Clinical checkup was carried out to detect and treat precancerous lesions in tobacco using children. Oral cancer signs included submucous fibrosis, erythoplakia, leukoplakia, melanoplakia, buccal mucosa, and further biopsy at cancer specialty hospital; WHO-ICD Classification | Addresses tobacco habits of sample of marginalized children in urban and rural areas of India and report on all variant factors, detection of precancerous oral lesions. Very descriptive, no statistical analyses; (23% presented with precancerous oral lesions) and 1004 surveyed for tobacco habits and awareness (253 Tobacco users and 79% males). |
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| Cancela et al. [9] | Oral Cavity Cancer was defined by ICD 10 codes: C02 (parts of tongue), C03 (gum), C04 (floor of mouth), C05 (palate), and C06 (other parts of mouth) | Age Standardized incidence rate and Mortality attributed to oral cavity cancer was calculated. Cox regression model utilised and adjusted for age, religion, education, occupation, BMI, standard of living index, chewing habits, smoking habits, and vegetable and fruit intake. Hazard ratios were also calculated. 134 developed oral cancer; analysed to estimate risk of oral cancer incidence and mortality according to drinking patterns. HR increased by 49% (95 CI = 1–121%) among current drinkers and 90% (95% CI = 13–218%) among past drinkers. |
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| Mehta et al. [15] | Each subject seen by a dental surgeon, who carried out a full clinical examination of the mouth to diagnose oral cancer. Unspecified criteria for case definition | Statistical Analyses conducted included the Regression rate on leukoplakia. After one year, proportions of subjects who had discontinued tobacco use were found to be 2% in Ernakulam, 1% in Bhavnagar, and 5% in Srikakulam. 1% to 16% of participants reduced their tobacco use overall. Bhavnagar and Ernakulum regression rate of leukoplakia was significantly higher among those who had stopped or reduced their tobacco consumption. |
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| Van der Eb et al. [19] | Oral cancer definition largely based on previous literature, palatal lesions, hyperpigmentation, Nicotine excrescences, preleukoplakia, Leukoplakia palatii, Palatal keratosis, and atrophic areas, carcinoma of the hard palate | Data analysis by cross-tabulation and stratification.
Direct standardisation
Statistical significance assessed using 95% confidence intervals. Prevalence rate of all palatal lesions was 55%. The prevalence rates of the separate lesions, leukoplakia palatii, palatal keratosis and palatal cancer, were 9.8%, 18.1% and 1.9%. Premalignant lesions strongly associated with reverse smoking and also associated with conventional chutta smoking. Reverse smoking induced significantly more lesions than conventional chutta smoking, and it was a major determinant of subsequent palatal cancer. |
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| Jayalekshmi et al. [20] | Oral cancer cases were identified by the Karunagappally Cancer Registry, reported in CI5, volume. VII–IX. Active registration method; visiting all health-care facilities in the taluka | Poisson regression analysis of grouped data was completed. Age at starting tobacco chewing was not significantly related to oral cancer risk. oral cancer incidence was strongly related to daily frequency of tobacco chewing. |
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| Wahi [21] | Case definition includes both the cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx | Examines factors associated with the occurrence of cancer by region, age, sex, and prevalence of risk factors such as smoking and chewing. |
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