Occupational Exposure to Diesel Motor Exhaust and Lung Cancer: A Dose-Response Relationship Hidden by Asbestos Exposure Adjustment? The ICARE Study
Table 1
Selected characteristics of the male study population by case-control status.
Cases
Controls
OR1
95% CI
Number
%
Number
%
Total
2264
2780
Département
Bas-Rhin
301
13.3
360
12.9
Calvados
269
11.9
358
12.9
Doubs + Territoire de Belfort
106
4.7
112
4.0
Haut-Rhin
56
2.5
89
3.2
Hérault
251
11.1
360
12.9
Isère
370
16.3
407
14.6
Loire Atlantique
269
11.9
311
11.2
Manche
262
11.6
247
8.9
Somme
268
11.8
387
13.9
Vendée
112
4.9
149
5.3
Age at recruitment, years
mean (SD)
60 (9.0)
58 (9.9)
< 10−4
<50
310
13.7
663
23.8
1.00
[ref]
50–60
767
33.9
855
30.7
1.94
1.64–2.29
60–70
818
36.1
923
33.2
1.89
1.60–2.23
≥70
369
16.3
339
12.2
2.34
1.91–2.86
Highest educational level
Elementary school or less
672
33.3
521
19.4
1.00
[ref]
Middle school
863
42.8
1081
40.3
0.61
0.53–0.71
High school
185
9.2
310
11.5
0.45
0.36–0.56
University
271
13.4
752
28.0
0.27
0.23–0.33
Unknown
25
1.2
19
0.7
1.05
0.57–1.93
Number of jobs held
Mean (SD)
4.4 (2.7)
4.6 (2.6)
= 10−3
Cigarette smoking (CSI)
0
59
2.6
813
29.3
1.0
[ref]
]0–0.5]
105
4.7
613
22.1
2.3
1.6–3.2
]0.5–1]
233
10.4
508
18.3
6.3
4.6–8.5
]1–1.5]
396
17.6
396
14.3
14.7
10.8–19.8
]1.5–2]
768
34.2
333
12.0
34.3
25.4–46.2
CSI > 2
682
30.4
108
3.9
87.7
62.5–122.9
Mean (SD)
1.62 (0.6)
0.65 (0.7)
= 10−4
Histological types2
Squamous cell carcinoma
803
35.2
Adenocarcinoma
794
34.8
Small cell carcinoma
334
14.6
Large cell carcinoma
200
8.8
Other
130
5.7
Sarcoma
6
0.3
Nonspecified
13
0.6
OR: odds ratio CI: confidence interval – CSI: comprehensive smoking index (see Section 2.7). OR1: adjusted for age, department, and CSI (except when CSI is concerned). 216 patients had multiple tumors.
