Coffee Consumption and the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Women
Table 1
Demographic and physiologic characteristics by cups of regular coffee consumption ().
Variable
None ()
>0–4 cups/day ()
4+ cups/day )
Trend value
%
%
%
Age, mean (SD)
63.5 (7.4)
63.7 (7.3)
62.8 (7.0)
<0.001
Ethnicity
<0.0012
White
30570
82.4
33136
85.3
7502
93.5
African American
3641
9.8
2286
5.9
149
1.9
Hispanic
1066
2.9
1587
4.1
184
2.3
American Indian
143
0.4
161
0.4
33
0.4
Asian
1162
3.1
1165
3.0
70
0.9
Other/unknown
500
1.3
532
1.4
85
1.1
Education
<0.0013
≤high school/GED
7525
20.3
8006
20.6
1858
23.2
School after high school
13170
35.5
14318
36.8
3075
38.3
College degree or higher
16387
44.2
16543
42.6
3090
38.5
Alcohol consumption
<0.0013
Non-/past drinker
13329
35.9
9290
23.9
1897
23.6
<1 drink/day
20361
54.9
23432
60.3
4798
59.8
≥1 drink/day
3392
9.1
6145
15.8
1328
16.6
Smoking4
<0.0015
Never
21071
56.8
18592
47.8
2917
36.4
Past, <20 pack-years
9354
25.2
10762
27.7
1929
24.0
Past, ≥20 pack-years
4564
12.3
6146
15.8
1656
20.6
Current, <20 pack-years
575
1.6
1034
2.7
364
4.5
Current, ≥20 pack-years
755
2.0
1412
3.6
966
12.0
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)
27.3 (6.1)
27.1 (5.7)
27.1 (5.6)
<0.001
<25
15370
41.4
15975
41.1
3200
39.9
25–30
12161
32.8
13553
34.9
2877
35.9
>30
9551
25.8
9339
24.0
1946
24.3
Physical activity (MET-hr/wk), mean (SD)
14.2 (14.6)
13.6 (14.1)
13.0 (14.0)
<0.001
Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD)
1547.1 (592.2)
1573.0 (592.9)
1674.0 (636.8)
<0.001
Red meat intake (oz.), mean (SD)
1.3 (1.2)
1.4 (1.2)
1.7 (1.4)
<0.001
Fruit/vegetable intake (cups), mean (SD)
3.3 (1.5)
3.1 (1.4)
3.0 (1.5)
Fiber intake (g), mean (SD)
16.8 (7.1)
16.3 (6.9)
16.5 (6.9)
<0.001
Calcium intake (diet + supplements), mean (SD)
1273.5 (820.8)
1207.1 (738.4)
1217.9 (720.2)
<0.001
Percentage fat intake, mean (SD)
29.3 (8.5)
30.5 (8.3)
32.1 (8.8)
<0.001
<30
20858
56.2
19676
50.6
3434
42.8
30–40
11937
32.2
13851
35.6
2990
37.3
>40
4287
11.6
5340
13.7
1599
19.9
Menopausal hormone use
0.0036
Never
14804
39.9
15159
39.0
3509
43.7
Past
5537
14.9
5753
14.8
1206
15.0
Current, E-Alone
9535
25.7
9866
25.4
1661
20.7
Current, E + P
7206
19.4
8089
20.8
1647
20.5
NSAID use
12723
34.3
13639
35.1
2996
37.3
<0.001
History of treated diabetes
1702
4.6
1403
3.6
226
2.8
<0.001
Family history of Colorectal Cancer
0.61
No
28391
76.6
29764
76.6
6090
75.9
Yes
5624
15.2
5937
15.3
1226
15.3
Missing
3067
8.3
3166
8.1
707
8.8
Trend values based on either a linear regression (continuous variables) or a logistic (dichotomous variables) with the variable of interest as a function of linear coffee level (None = 1, >0–4 = 2, and ≥4 = 3). 2 value compares White versus non-White. 3 values use ordinal form of variable of interest. 41842 past and 33 current smokers have missing pack-year data. 5 value compares current versus never/past smokers. 6 value compares current versus never/past HT use. 7Trend test does not include participants with missing family history of colorectal cancer.