Coffee Consumption and the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Women

Table 1

Demographic and physiologic characteristics by cups of regular coffee consumption ().

Variable	None ()		>0–4 cups/day ()		4+ cups/day )		Trend value
		%		%		%
Age, mean (SD)	63.5 (7.4)		63.7 (7.3)		62.8 (7.0)		<0.001
Ethnicity							<0.001^2
White	30570	82.4	33136	85.3	7502	93.5
African American	3641	9.8	2286	5.9	149	1.9
Hispanic	1066	2.9	1587	4.1	184	2.3
American Indian	143	0.4	161	0.4	33	0.4
Asian	1162	3.1	1165	3.0	70	0.9
Other/unknown	500	1.3	532	1.4	85	1.1
Education							<0.001^3
≤high school/GED	7525	20.3	8006	20.6	1858	23.2
School after high school	13170	35.5	14318	36.8	3075	38.3
College degree or higher	16387	44.2	16543	42.6	3090	38.5
Alcohol consumption							<0.001^3
Non-/past drinker	13329	35.9	9290	23.9	1897	23.6
<1 drink/day	20361	54.9	23432	60.3	4798	59.8
≥1 drink/day	3392	9.1	6145	15.8	1328	16.6
Smoking^4							<0.001^5
Never	21071	56.8	18592	47.8	2917	36.4
Past, <20 pack-years	9354	25.2	10762	27.7	1929	24.0
Past, ≥20 pack-years	4564	12.3	6146	15.8	1656	20.6
Current, <20 pack-years	575	1.6	1034	2.7	364	4.5
Current, ≥20 pack-years	755	2.0	1412	3.6	966	12.0
BMI (kg/m^2), mean (SD)	27.3 (6.1)		27.1 (5.7)		27.1 (5.6)		<0.001
<25	15370	41.4	15975	41.1	3200	39.9
25–30	12161	32.8	13553	34.9	2877	35.9
>30	9551	25.8	9339	24.0	1946	24.3
Physical activity (MET-hr/wk), mean (SD)	14.2 (14.6)		13.6 (14.1)		13.0 (14.0)		<0.001
Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD)	1547.1 (592.2)		1573.0 (592.9)		1674.0 (636.8)		<0.001
Red meat intake (oz.), mean (SD)	1.3 (1.2)		1.4 (1.2)		1.7 (1.4)		<0.001
Fruit/vegetable intake (cups), mean (SD)	3.3 (1.5)		3.1 (1.4)		3.0 (1.5)
Fiber intake (g), mean (SD)	16.8 (7.1)		16.3 (6.9)		16.5 (6.9)		<0.001
Calcium intake (diet + supplements), mean (SD)	1273.5 (820.8)		1207.1 (738.4)		1217.9 (720.2)		<0.001
Percentage fat intake, mean (SD)	29.3 (8.5)		30.5 (8.3)		32.1 (8.8)		<0.001
<30	20858	56.2	19676	50.6	3434	42.8
30–40	11937	32.2	13851	35.6	2990	37.3
>40	4287	11.6	5340	13.7	1599	19.9
Menopausal hormone use							0.003^6
Never	14804	39.9	15159	39.0	3509	43.7
Past	5537	14.9	5753	14.8	1206	15.0
Current, E-Alone	9535	25.7	9866	25.4	1661	20.7
Current, E + P	7206	19.4	8089	20.8	1647	20.5
NSAID use	12723	34.3	13639	35.1	2996	37.3	<0.001
History of treated diabetes	1702	4.6	1403	3.6	226	2.8	<0.001
Family history of Colorectal Cancer							0.61
No	28391	76.6	29764	76.6	6090	75.9
Yes	5624	15.2	5937	15.3	1226	15.3
Missing	3067	8.3	3166	8.1	707	8.8

Trend values based on either a linear regression (continuous variables) or a logistic (dichotomous variables) with the variable of interest as a function of linear coffee level (None = 1, >0–4 = 2, and ≥4 = 3).
² value compares White versus non-White.
³ values use ordinal form of variable of interest.
⁴1842 past and 33 current smokers have missing pack-year data.
⁵ value compares current versus never/past smokers.
⁶ value compares current versus never/past HT use.
⁷Trend test does not include participants with missing family history of colorectal cancer.