Holistic Diagnosis of Rising Damp and Salt Attack in Two Residential Buildings in Kumasi, Ghana

Table 5

Linkage between salts in mortar and soil samples.

Type of ion	Case  1				Case  2
	Mortar samples	Soil samples	Linkage		Mortar samples	Soil samples	Linkage
			Yes	No			Yes	No
F^−	∙	∙			∙	∙
Cl^−	✓	✓	Yes		✓	✓	Yes
Br^−	∙	∙			∙	∙
NO2^−	∙	∙			∙	∙
NO3^−	✓	✓	Yes (but in small quantities)		✓	✓	Yes
PO4^2−	∙	∙			∙	∙
SO4^2−	✓	✓	Yes		✓	✓	Yes
Na^+	✓	✓	Yes		✓	✓	Yes
NH4^−	∙	∙			∙	∙
K^+	✓	✓	Yes		✓	✓	Yes
Ca^2+	∙	∙			∙	∙
Mg^2+	✓	✓	Yes		✓	✓	Yes

✓: ions which are present in both mortar and soil samples.
∙: ions which are absent in samples or with no significant percentage concentrations.