Validated Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Food Colorants and Sweeteners

Turak, Fatma; Ozgur, Mahmure Ustun

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/127847

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Methods Discussion Conclusions References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 127847 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/127847

Validated Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Food Colorants and Sweeteners

Fatma Turak¹and Mahmure Ustun Ozgur¹

Academic Editor: Ghada M. Hadad

Received30 Nov 2012

Accepted14 Jan 2013

Published26 Feb 2013

Abstract

Two simple spectrophotometric methods have been proposed for simultaneous determination of two colorants (Indigotin and Brilliant Blue) and two sweeteners (Acesulfame-K and Aspartame) in synthetic mixtures and chewing gums without any prior separation or purification. The first method, derivative spectrophotometry (ZCDS), is based on recording the first derivative curves (for Indigotin, Brillant Blue, and Acesulfame-K) and third-derivative curve (for Aspartame) and determining each component using the zero-crossing technique. The other method, ratio derivative spectrophotometry (RDS), depends on application ratio spectra of first- and third-derivative spectrophotometry to resolve the interference due to spectral overlapping. Both colorants and sweeteners showed good linearity, with regression coefficients of 0.9992–0.9999. The LOD and LOQ values ranged from 0.05 to 0.33 μgmL⁻¹ and from 0.06 to 0.47 μgmL⁻¹, respectively. The intraday and interday precision tests produced good RSD% values (<0.81%); recoveries ranged from 99.78% to 100.67% for all two methods. The accuracy and precision of the methods have been determined, and the methods have been validated by analyzing synthetic mixtures containing colorants and sweeteners. Two methods were applied for the above combination, and satisfactory results were obtained. The results obtained by applying the ZCDS method were statistically compared with those obtained by the RDS method.

1. Introduction

Colorants are added to foods to make them more attractive, replacing their natural color that can be lost during the industrial process or to avoid variations in the color of the final product. The trouble is that some synthetic azo dyes can be toxic to the human health and when in contact with some drugs can cause allergic and asthmatic reactions to some people, induced the development of cancer and others diseases [1]. In this way, in the last years, efforts have been made to control and to limit the amount of synthetic colorants that are added in foods, whereas the more toxic dyes have been banned. Thus, it is necessary to have efficient methodologies to control the amount of colorants in foods. The synthetic indigotin dye, indigotin (indigo carmine, E 132, IND), and the synthetic azo dye, brilliant blue (E 133, BB) are among the colorants used in common foods such as sweets, drinks, ice cream, and chewing gum. As with many other food additives, the analytical control of these colorants is of considerable importance in the food industry because of their toxic and carcinogenic potential [2, 3]. Several methods have been proposed for the codetermination of colorants in mixtures. These methods include UV/VIS spectrophotometry [4–8], chromatography [1, 9–12], capillary electrophoresis [13], differential pulse polarography [14], voltammetry [15], and chemometric techniques [16–19].

Artificial sweeteners are also widely used in food, beverage, confectionary, and pharmaceutical industries throughout the world. They are the modern non-caloric alternatives to sugars as additives in foods and drinks. Consumers select low-calorie foods added with artificial sweeteners to decrease or to control calorie intake and thus body mass and to aid control of certain health or medical conditions such as diabetes and hypoglycemia. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) values, determined by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, are 0–40 mg Kg⁻¹ body mass for aspartame (ASP, E 951) and 0–15 mg Kg⁻¹ for acesulfame-K(ACE-K, E 950) [20]. The determination of ACE-K and ASP in samples with the other sweeteners or additives has been carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [21–24]. In addition, ion chromatography (IC) offers an attractive alternative to traditional HPLC methods [25]. In the past few years, micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) have been applied to the simultaneous determination of several kinds of sweeteners [26]. Other methods less commonly used for the Acesulfame-K and Aspartame determination are Fourier transform Raman spectrometry [27], chemometry [28–30], and the others [31] (Scheme 1).

Chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are very suitable when the sample contains several colorants or sweeteners, and these methods need special equipment that may not be available in certain quality laboratories. All multivariate calibration methods, including partial least squares (PLS), require the data processing with powerful software as well as the manipulations of the abstract vector space, and its application to the regression analysis and various chemometric methods are often used for more complex mixtures. But the foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals contain only one, two, or rarely three colorants and sweeteners. Thus, analytical methods for alternative technique are always useful, especially if the methods are simple, cheap, and comparatively fast. Spectrophotometry, as an alternative methodology, is suitable for routine laboratories especially for developing countries, and sometimes, serious analytical problems can be resolved by this common technique. One of the classic analytical problems of spectrophotometric multicomponent analysis is that the analyte of interest is often accompanied by other compounds absorbing in the same spectral region. Under computer-controlled instrumentation, derivative spectrophotometry is playing a very important role in the resolution of band overlapping in quantitative analysis [32]. However, for binary mixtures, the classical zero-crossing method requires often to use a wavelength with low sensitivity in the measurements. Salinas et al. [33] designed another spectrophotometric method, which is based on the derivation of the ratio-spectra to resolve binary mixtures. The main advantage of the ratio derivative spectrophotometry is the chance of performing easy measurements in correspondence of peaks so it permits the use of the wavelength of highest value of analytical signals (a maximum or a minimum), and moreover, the presence of a lot of maxima and minima is another advantage by the fact that these wavelengths give an opportunity for the determination of active compounds in the presence of other compounds and ingredients which possibly interfere with the assay. Although a great variety of methods have been applied to the analysis of the aforementioned compounds in foods, there is no report about simultaneous estimation of this combination in synthetic mixtures or in food samples.

The aim of this work is to develop easy, sensitive, and fast spectrophotometric methods that can be applied for the routine analysis of the colorants (BB and IND) and sweeteners (ASP and ACE-K) simultaneously in the quaternary laboratory mixtures, foods, and drinks without previous separation. In the present study, measurements were assayed zero-crossing and ratio spectra derivative techniques [34–36]. Two methods were successfully applied for the above combination, and satisfactory results were obtained. No extraction, no evaporation step, no complexation agent, and no harmful chemicals are involved in the suggested methods, in that connection decreasing time and the error in quantitation and therefore can be used for routine analysis of both colorants in quality control and routine laboratories.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Instruments

A double-beam Shimadzu 2450 UV-VIS spectrophotometer, connected to personal computer compatible with a laser printer, was used. The bundle software, version 2.21, was used to process the absorption and derivative spectra. The spectral band width was 1 nm and scanning speed was medium. Magnetic stirrer (Arex-Velp Scientifica), Hettich EBA 20 centrifuge, and 0.45 μm membranes were used in this study.

2.2. Reagents and Materials

All chemicals were analytical grade, and double distilled water was used throughout the experiments. The standard synthetic colorants were Brilliant Blue (CI 42090, CAS 3844-45-9) from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and Indigotin (CI 73015, CAS 482-89-3) from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The standard sweeteners were Acesulfame-K (CAS 55589-62-3) from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and Aspartame (CAS 22839-47-0). Chewing-gum samples were purchased from local markets. The commercial chewing-gum samples, containing gum base, sweeteners (E950, E951), softeners, bulking agents, flavorings, colorants (E132, E133), preservatives, moisture trap, acid regulating, and antioxidant (BHA), were studied. The ingredients are in order decreasing of concentration.

2.3. Solutions

Stock solutions (100 μgmL⁻¹) of ASP and ACE-K were prepared separately by dissolving appropriate weights of pure product in distilled water. These solutions were freshly prepared and protected from light. Stock solutions of BB and IND (100 μgmL⁻¹) were also prepared in distilled water. These stock solutions were further diluted with distilled water to obtain working standard solutions of suitable concentrations (corresponding to the linearity range stated in Table 1). Accurate volumes of each of ASP, ACE-K, BB, and IND stock solution were transferred into 10 mL volumetric flasks and diluted to volume with distilled water to prepare synthetic mixtures within the concentration range (2–10 μgmL⁻¹) of each compound (Table 2).

2.4. Procedures

2.4.1. Spectrophotometric Measurements

(a) Sample Preparation. 50 chewing-gum samples were weighed and cut into small pieces. An accurately weighed sample equivalent to ten chewing-gums was taken to erlenmeyer flask. 35 mL of water was added and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 20 min keeping temperature constant at 40°C by a thermostat. After the flask was cooled to the room temperature, centrifuged and volume was completed to 50 mL with distilled water. The solution was filtered through 0.45 μm membrane and transferred into a quartz cell. Absorption spectrum of the solution was recorded between 300–700 nm against distilled water. Then 0.1 g activated charcoal was added to decolorize the solution [37], and the mixture was stirred vigorously to adsorb all colorants in the solution. If the solution still has some colour, a small further amount of activated charcoal should be added. The mixture was centrifuged, and 0.5 mL solution was transferred into 10 mL volumetric flask. The volume was completed with distilled water, and the absorption spectrum of the solution was recorded between 200–300 nm against distilled water. The proposed methods were applied to the solutions thus prepared.

(b) Zero-Crossing Derivative Spectrophotometry. The absorption spectra of the standard ACE-K and ASP solutions were recorded between 200–300 nm against distilled water, using 1.0 cm quartz cell and stored in a disk file. These spectra were smoothed, and their first- and third-derivative spectra were recorded. The amplitudes, from the baseline to peak at 242 nm (¹D₂₄₂), were related to the actual contents of ACE-K and third derivative amplitude at 227 nm (³D₂₂₇) related to ASP content. Absorption spectra of the standard colorant (BB and IND) solutions were recorded within a wavelength range of 300–700 nm against distilled water and stored in a disk file. These spectra were smoothed, and their first derivative spectra were recorded. First-derivative absorbance values were measured at 420 nm (¹D₄₂₀) for BB and 348 nm (¹D₃₄₈) for IND.

Laboratory prepared mixtures of ACE-K, ASP, IND, and BB with different ratios in the concentration range stated in Table 2 were prepared. These solutions and commercial product were analyzed as described above.

(c) Ratio Derivative Spectrophotometry. According to the theory of the ratio-spectra derivative method, absorption spectra of the standard ACE-K solutions were recorded with 1 nm resolution in the range 200–300 nm against distilled water and stored in the computer. The stored spectra of the ACE-K were divided, wavelength by wavelength, by a standard spectrum of 6 μg mL⁻¹ ASP solution. The ratio spectra were smoothed, and their first-derivative spectra were recorded. In the binary mixtures, we can determine the amount of ACE-K by measuring the amplitudes at 248 nm (¹D₂₄₈) corresponding to a minimum. On the other hand, stored spectra of ASP solutions were divided by a standard spectrum of 4 μg mL⁻¹ ACE-K solution. In the same way as we have previously described, we obtained third derivative spectra from smoothed ratio spectra. Now, ASP can be determined by measuring the signals at 225 nm (³D₂₂₅) corresponding to a minimum wavelength.

Absorption spectra of the solutions at different concentrations of BB were recorded and divided by a standard spectrum of 6.0 μgmL⁻¹ IND, and the ratio spectra were obtained. All spectra were stored in computer. Then the first derivative spectra of the ratio spectra were plotted. In the binary mixture, the amount of BB can be determined by measuring the first derivative signal at 419 nm (¹D₄₁₉) corresponding to a minimum in the spectral region 300–450 nm. In the same way, the absorption spectra of the solution at different concentration of IND were divided by the standard spectrum of 4.0 μgmL⁻¹ BB solution. First derivative spectra of the ratio spectra were plotted from the obtained ratio spectra. The concentration of IND was determined by measuring the signal at 356 nm (¹D₃₅₆) corresponding to a minimum in the first derivative of the ratio spectra in 300–400 nm region. Laboratory-prepared mixtures at different ratios were prepared in the concentration range stated in Table 2, and then the ratio derivative absorbance values were measured at the selected wavelengths mentioned in Table 1.

Commercial product was also analyzed according to the procedure described above.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Zero-Crossing Derivative Spectrophotometry

Zero-order absorption spectra of ACE, ASP and, their mixture in the 200–300 nm wavelength region are shown in Figure 1(a). The extensive overlap of the spectral bands of the two sweeteners prevents the use of conventional UV spectrophotometry for assaying binary mixtures. In contrast to zero-order spectra, derivative spectra show more resolution in terms of zero-crossing points shown in Figures 1(b) and 1(c). First-derivative wavelength was considered 242 nm (¹D₂₄₂) for the determination of ACE-K, and the third derivative wavelength 227 nm (³D₂₂₇) was considered for the determination of ASP. At 242 nm (¹D₂₄₂) ASP shows zero absorbance; therefore ACE-K is determined at this wavelength without any interference of ASP. At 227 nm (³D₂₂₇) there is no contribution of ACE-K and ASP is determined at this wavelength in the presence of ACE-K represented in Figure 1(c).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Absorption spectra of BB, IND, and their mixture were recorded within a wavelength range of 300–700 nm are shown in Figure 2(a). As can be seen, the spectra of the colorants are strongly overlapped in the 400–600 nm wavelength region. Hence, direct absorption measurement for assaying binary mixture seems to be impossible. On the other hand, the absorption spectra of the two components within a wavelength range 300–450 nm were less overlapped than the region 450–700 nm. So, in this work, the region of 300–450 nm was chosen to analyze each colorant. Figure 2(b) shows the first derivative spectra of IND and BB, and these spectra allow the simultaneous determination of colorants. ¹D spectrum of IND shows a well-defined minimum at 348 nm (¹D₃₄₈), while BB has a zero ¹D value at the same wavelength. BB has a minimum ¹D value at 420 nm (¹D₄₂₀) which IND exhibits no contribution. Therefore, at these selected wavelengths, two colorants can be quantified in the presence of each other without interference.

(a)

(b)

For the quantitative analysis of colorants and sweeteners, the representative linear equations and other analytical parameters are shown in Table 1. The correlation coefficients for active compounds showed good linearity in the concentration range pronounced in the previous section.

3.2. Ratio Derivative Spectrophotometry

Ratio Derivative Spectrophotometry permits determination of a component in their mixture at the wavelengths corresponding to a maximum or a minimum and, also, the use of the peak to peak between consecutive maximum and minimum. The values of absorbance in these points permit one, in some cases, to reach a better sensitivity. The main instrumental conditions were optimized to obtain the most distinct curve of first and third derivative of the ratio spectra. Divisor concentration is the main instrumental parameter. The ratio spectra derivative method permits the use of the different concentrations as the divisor to obtain the different calibration graphs. In a preliminary investigation, for selecting the standard solution as a divisor at an appropriate concentration, concentrations of ASP and ACE-K in the range 2–10 μgmL⁻¹ were tested. The concentration of 4 μgmL⁻¹ of ACE-K and 6 μgmL⁻¹ of ASP as a divisor gave the best results in terms of signal to noise ratio and highest correlation coefficient values, being an indication of the quality of fitting of the data to the straight line. Figure 3(a) shows the first derivative of the ratio-spectra of different amounts of ACE-K solutions (divided by a standard spectrum of 6 μgmL⁻¹ ASP solution). The first derivative amplitude at 248 nm (¹D₂₄₈) corresponding to a minimum was proportional to ACE-K concentration. Figure 3(b) shows the third derivative ratio spectra of different concentration of ASP standard solutions using the spectrum of 4 μgmL⁻¹ ACE-K solution as a divisor. The concentration of ASP is proportional to the amplitude of the minimum at 225 nm (³D₂₂₅).

(a)

(b)

As can be seen in Figure 2(a), determination of IND and BB was not possible by direct measurements of absorbance in zero-order spectra. On the other hand, derivative spectroscopy shows more resolution and makes it possible to analyze each colorant in the presence of one another as well as in the presence of other ingredients without any pretreatment. Figure 4(a) indicates first derivative of the ratio spectra of IND at increasing concentrations values, in the solution of distilled water, which were obtained by dividing each of absorption spectrum with the spectrum of the standard solution of BB. The calibration graph of IND was established by measuring the signal at 356 nm (¹D₃₅₆) corresponding to a minimum (Table 1). Also Figure 4(b) indicates the first derivative of the ratio spectra of different BB standards (spectra divided by the spectrum of 6 μgmL⁻¹ BB).

(a)

(b)

Moreover, each set of standard solution of tested colorants and sweeteners, within the concentration range stated in Table 1, was assayed by the proposed ratio-spectra derivative method. The regression line obtained with one divisor concentration with their statistical data compiled in Table 1. The correlation coefficients were (from 0.9992 to 0.9999) indicating good linearity, and very small intercepts values were obtained. For the determination of colorants and sweeteners in their synthetic mixtures and in the chewing-gum sample, only the calibration graphs, that were obtained by measuring the signals at 356 nm (¹D) for IND; 419 nm (¹D₄₁₉) for BB and 248 nm (¹D₂₄₈) for ACE-K; 225 nm (³D₂₂₅) for ASP in the first and third derivative of the spectra, were used.

The developed methods were validated, and accuracy is shown in Table 2. Summary of various validation parameters is given listed in Tables 1 and 2, and the results of chewing-gum analysis are listed in Table 3. A good coincidence was observed for the assay results of the chewing-gum sample by application of two methods in this paper (Table 3).

3.3. Validation of the Methods

The methods were validated as regards in selectivity, linearity, precision (within and between days) limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The validation results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

3.3.1. Linearity

Linearity was studied for each colorant and sweetener in the concentration ranged stated in Table 1. The regression equations for the results were derived using the least-squares method. In all cases, Beer’s law plots ( : 5) were linear with very small intercepts and good correlation coefficients (from 0.9992 -to 0.9999). The results of the linearity study for all colorants and sweeteners with two methods are given in Table 1.

3.3.2. Precision, Accuracy and Percent Recoveries

To test the repeatability of the proposed methods, five separate determinations at different concentration levels were carried out for each colorant in the presence of certain concentration of the other component and for each sweetener in the presence of other component. The percentage recoveries of each colorant and sweetener were calculated by comparing the found and added concentration (μg found/μg added) × 100. Mean recoveries are given in Table 2. No interference occurred in the presence of the others, and the mean percentage recoveries were found in the range 99.50%–103.5% for derivative zero-crossing and for derivative ratio method 98.00%–103.5%. Recovery values were close to 100%, and they indicate that the developed methods were appropriate for accurate determination of sweeteners and colorants in their quaternary mixtures. Beside these, RSD was calculated as <1.76% for the determination of BB, IND, ACE-K, and ASP, and these values indicate that the developed methods could estimate concentration values with a good precision. To evaluate the intra-day precision and inter-day precision (as RSD), each sample was analyzed three times in the same day. Three replicates of each sample preparation and analysis were done to evaluate inter-day precision (as RSD) in three different days. The concentration values for both intra-day precision and inter-day precision were calculated. Finally, the mean of RSD% (, where is the standard deviation and is the mean of the sample analyzed) was taken for conclusion. The results are shown in Table 2. These results show the accuracy and reproducibility of the assay. Thus, it was concluded that there was no significant difference for the assay, which was tested within the day and between the days. The results obtained show that the relative standard deviation values were less than 2% which indicate high degree of precision of the proposed methods. The low values of standard deviations showed that the methods were precise.

3.3.3. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ)

LOD and LOQ were calculated using the following equations: where is the mean concentration of the blank and is the standard deviation of the blank. Blank was measured 5-fold on spectrophotometer. LOD is expressed as the analyte concentration corresponding to the sample blank value plus three standard deviations, and LOQ is the analyte concentration corresponding to the sample blank value ten plus standard deviations. The data are presented in Table 1. The LOD and the LOQ values of the two studied colorants ranged from 0.14 to 0.33 μgmL⁻¹ and from 0.22 to 0.47 μgmL⁻¹, respectively. The LOD and the LOQ values of the two studied sweeteners ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 and from 0.06 to 0.38 μgmL⁻¹, respectively. Nevertheless, in general, the method that used the derivative ratio spectra shows better limit detection and quantification.

3.4. Dosage Forms Analysis

The present methods were applied for the simultaneous determination of the above mentioned quaternary mixture in their available commercial chewing-gum sample. The assay results obtained by developed methods were much closed to each other and low values of RSD%, suggesting that the developed methods have high precision. The results obtained by applying the ZCDS method were statistically compared with those obtained by the RDS method. The values of calculated - and - are less than the tabulated ones, which reveals that there is no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision between the proposed methods. The summary of these results is given in Table 3. The developed two spectrophotometric methods showed the advantages of being simple, rapid, cost effective, and time saving and can be employed as an alternative analytical method for the simultaneous determination of these two colorants and two sweeteners. Therefore, the methods are suggested for routine analysis of BB-IND and ACE-K-ASP in chewing-gum or the other food samples.

4. Conclusions

Two analytical spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated thoroughly for the quantitative determination of ACE-K, ASP, IND, and BB in synthetic mixtures and chewing gum sample. This paper demonstrates the potential of derivative (first and third) spectrophotometry and ratio derivative (first and third) spectrophotometry as an analytical technique and its usefulness to accurately, rapidly, simply, and simultaneously quantify four active compounds in commercially chewing-gum samples. By the ratio spectra first-and third-order derivative method, we can measure the absorbances of the sweeteners and colorants at no critical wavelengths corresponding to a maximum or a minimum and also use the addition of absorbance values in consecutive maximum and minimum (peak to peak). This method is very useful because in some cases it permits one to achieve a better sensitivity. Expensive methods such as HPLC or electrophoresis seem unnecessary for the determination of these substances in foods since their concentration in foods and drinks are not as low as the one in blood, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The short analysis time, rapid, low costs, and environmental protection are the other advantages of proposed methods compared to HPLC or other existing methods. The proposed methods were completely validated and suitable for quality control laboratories, where economy and time are essential.

Acknowledgment

This research has been supported by scientific research project coordination center of Yıldız Technical University (project number: 2011-01-02-GEP12).

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Copyright © 2013 Fatma Turak and Mahmure Ustun Ozgur. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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