Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes with Ethyl Cyanoacetate in Water Catalyzed by P4VP/Al₂O₃-SiO₂

Table 4

Effect of solvent on the Knoevenagel condensation over P4VP/Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (in-situ)^a.

Solvent	Yield^b (%)
Water	98
Methanol	47
Ethanol	55
‍Dichloromethane	0
Chloroform	0
Acetonitrile	0
Cyclohexane	0
Toluene	0
Solvent-free^c	95

^aReaction conditions: catalyst (P4VP/Al₂O₃-SiO₂(0.6) (in-situ), 0.12 g), benzaldehyde (2 mmol), ethyl cyanoacetate (2 mmol), reflux, solvent (10 mL), reaction time = 30 min, and selectivity = 100%. ^bIsolated yield. ^cReaction temperature = 80^˚C. time = 50 min.