Abstract
For the registration of phytomedicines and their availability to the population, National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) establishes quality, security, and efficacy parameters, stipulating control requirements similar to those applied to synthetic medicines. This work reports the investigation of the bark of Himatanthus lancifolius and its extracts aiming to contribute to the standardization of derivatives of this plant species. The developed quantification method shows high selectivity at 281nm, which confers confidence to the detection of the alkaloids. The method is robust, according to the current regulation, and shows linearity, precision, and accuracy, beside accessibility and simplicity in execute. The pH 10 alkaloid fraction obtained from the aqueous extract of the analyzed sample represents 0.219% in the dried extract. These results contribute for reducing the lack of methods for the quality control of phytomedicines prepared from H. lancifolius.
1. Introduction
Apocynaceae include about 450 genus and 4,950 species with pantropical distribution which, in Brazil, are represented by three subfamilies: Asclepiadoideae, Rauvolfioideae, and Apocynoideae [1]. They occur in grassland and forest including about 60 genus and 750 species [2]. The presence of latex in the reproductive and vegetative organs besides flowers with contort prebudding is characteristic patterns of the Apocynaceae [3]. Carl Willdenow and Josef Schultes described genus Himatanthus, and it includes only 13 species, all of them found in South America, mainly in Amazonia [4]. This genus was erroneously referred to as Plumeria up to 1938 when Woodson Jr. in “Studies in the Apocynaceae: an evaluation of the genera Plumeria L. and Himatanthus Willd.” reported that the aboriginal Himatanthus species from South America were morphologically different from those Plumeria found in North and Central America [5].
According to the Brazilian regulation on phytomedicines herbal materials can be standardised on the basis of a metabolic class, a specific group of substances, which here is a pH 10 alkaloid fraction aiming to guarantee the chemical homogeneity of each batch of the herbal product [6, 7].
H. lancifolius, vernacular agoniada, has its bark frequently used as a decoction to treat uterine congestions, irregular, difficult, and painful menstruations, pains and uterine spasms, ovaries and uterus inflammations, menstrual interruption, dizziness, stomach disorder, headache, fatigue, flatulence, and “dor nas cadeiras,” the pain connected to uterine inflammations [8]. Like many other emmenagogue plants, there are reports of the use of H. lancifolius as abortive [9].
In order to guarantee higher effectiveness and safety to the users of herbal medicines, applying quality criteria defined by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA), it is necessary to carry out studies aiming at a validated standardization of the aqueous extract of the bark of H. lancifolius.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) provided the plant material collected in the morning. A herborized specimen was accurately compared to the exsiccatum number 183977, deposited at the North Agronomic Institute (IAN), and it could be characterized as H. lancifolius (Muell. Arg.) Woodson. The bark had moss and dirtiness, removed by scraping; the cleaned material was then washed with ethanol 96°GL and then cut in small pieces. After the extraction, the fragments were left to dry at 40°C ± 2°C under forced hot air circulation.
2.2. Experimental Procedures
The dried fragments of bark were ground in a Wiley knives’ mill. Using the electromagnetic sieve stirrer Bertel the averaged particle size of the herbal drug could be determined by stirring 10 g of the drug in a series of sieves with the following meshes opening: 1.40 mm and 710, 355, 250, 180, and 125 μm for 30 min., weighing the powder retained in each sieve [10].
To 1000 mL ultrapure boiling water, 50 g of powdered bark was added in order to obtain the aqueous extract after another 10 min boiling [11]. After cooling, the mixture was filtered under reduced pressure. The aqueous extract (AEHL) was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried at about 45°C for 48 h.
Circa 50 mg of AEHL was treated with 40 mL of 1% HCl. The filtered acid solution was basified with ammonium hydroxide to pH 10, then proceeding to a liquid-liquid partition employing four 10 mL aliquots of chloroform. The fractions were blended, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated in a water bath without heating, under reduced pressure, ending the drying in a desiccator under vacuum. A 30 mg/mL methanol solution of this fraction was used to determine the content of total alkaloids at 281 nm.
Methanolic (UV-HPLC-VETEC) solutions at 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28 μg/mL of Yohimbine hydrochloride (Indo Phytochem Pharmaceuticals 99.02%) were used to determine the method linearity and to define the calibration curve.
All parameters adopted are in accordance with the guide for validation of analytical and bioanalytical methods number 899/2003 from ANVISA.
The method selectivity test was performed using a 30 μg/mL methanolic (UV-HPLC-VETEC) solution of AEHL; the above described 22 μg/mL Yohimbine hydrochloride methanolic solution and UV-HPLC methanol (VETEC) under UV light between 200 nm and 400 nm.
To determine the method linearity, the absorbance of methanol solution of yohimbine hydrochloride (above) at 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28 μg/mL was measured in quintuplicate. The results were statistically analyzed to define the coefficients of correlation and determination according to ANVISA (guide no. 899-2003) using BioStat 5.0. The data obtained from the Yohimbine solution at 18, 22, 24, 26, and 28 μg/mL were employed to determine the calibration curve, the correlation coefficient, and the linear regression equation.
The accuracy of the method was determined by measuring, in the same day and in triplicate, the absorbance of three Yohimbine solutions at 16 mg/mL (low), 20 mg/mL (intermediate), and 28 mg/mL (high) using UV spectroscopy at 281 nm. The intermediate precision of the method was determined applying the same procedure used for the method accuracy but on different days and by two different analysts. Accuracy may be expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) or variation coefficient (VC%). The limits of detection and quantification were estimated in μg/mL.
The feature considered for evaluating the robustness of the method was the solvent methanol from different suppliers (solvent 1 and solvent 2). The results were corroborated by ANOVA.
After validation of the method, the total alkaloids fraction present in the aqueous extract of H. lancifolius was quantified using the straight equation obtained from the calibration curve.
The statistics treatment was made using BioStat 5.0.
3. Results and Discussion
The isolation of Yohimbine from H. lancifolius by Lopes [12], the detection of this alkaloid in the analyzed tincture, by coinjection experiments, and the observation of an absorption maximum by 281 nm in the UV spectroscopic analysis of the alkaloid fraction, attributable to Yohimbine [13], justify choice of this substance as reference and this absorption maximum as parameter for the validation process. This substance is one of the already known main indole alkaloids, which are present in Apocynaceae [14] and which is available on the market as reference chemical substance (RCS).
3.1. Selectivity
Figure 1 shows a section of the UV spectra obtained from the alkaloid fraction of H. lancifolius (30 μg/mL) (a), Yohimbine hydrochloride (22 μg/mL) (b), and methanol (c) in the region between 200 and 400 nm, showing the absorption maxima at 281 nm of Yohimbine and alkaloid fraction. This indicates that this wavelength is selective for the quantification of the reference substance and the alkaloid fraction even in the presence of the selected solvent.
3.2. Linearity
The spectrophotometric method developed at 281 nm shows linear correlations at the concentrations studied. Figure 2 shows the linearity, the coefficient of determination () and of correlation () of the method for Yohimbine.
The determination of the correlation coefficient is not enough to ensure the absolute linearity of the calibration curve since the analytical signal can show high residue or include unevenly distributed points along the calibration range [15]. Therefore, the analysis of the data used to determine the calibration curve must show a constant variance (homocedastity) and absence of atypical samples (here concentration values) with a uniform distribution of residues, with zero mean, designing a homogeneous distribution of the points along the axes of the graph indicating that the curve is straight linear (Figure 3).
3.3. Calibration Curve
Figure 4 depicts the analytical curve, its straight equation, and the Pearson correlation coefficient () for yohimbine. is the coefficient of determination, which confirms the suitability of the method to the range considered (16–28 μg/mL).
3.4. Precision and Accuracy
The data repeatability (intrarun), intermediate precision (interrun), and accuracy are shown in Table 1 where the values of relative standard deviation can be observed ranging from 0.19% to 2.09% and accuracy values are found between 98% and 102.90%. Brazilian regulation states that the variation of precision cannot exceed 5% and the accuracy should not be less than 95% [16].
The experimental data confirm that the proposed method for the quantification of total alkaloids in the aqueous extract of H. lancifolius by UV spectrophotometry is in accordance with current legislation and provides reliable results.
The detection limit of the method is estimated in 4.59 μg/mL and the quantification limit in 15.306 μg/mL.
3.5. Robustness
No spectral data variation can be observed when solutions of Yohimbine are prepared with solvents of different brands, so 281 nm remains the selected absorption maximum for the method. The data are demonstrated in Table 2 and were statistically treated by ANOVA, revealing (), thus demonstrating that this is a robust method.
3.6. Quantification of Total Alkaloids Fraction Application of the Proposed Method in Triplicate
The analysis of a 30 μg/mL methanol solution of the alkaloid fraction obtained from an aqueous extract of H. lancifolius using the proposed method here allowed determining the amount of total alkaloids present in the sample. The average absorbance measured is 0.462. The results are shown in Table 3.
4. Conclusion
The proposed quantification method was validated; it presents selectivity at 281 nm for the alkaloid fraction from the aqueous extract of H. lancifolius, providing reliability for the quantitation of total alkaloids in the herbal drug. Besides the method robustness, according to the parameters required by the Brazilian regulation, the correlation between values of absorbance and concentration according to the straight equation obtained confirms it is a linear method. The reported quantification method here, using UV spectrophotometry at 281 nm, shows precision and accuracy and is also accessible and easy to perform and made it possible to quantify the total alkaloids present in the aqueous extract of the plant material collected in Pará Amazonia, Brazil.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the National Council for Scientific and Technologic Development, Brazil, and Pará Amazonia Foundation for the financial support.