Journal of Chemistry

Research Article

Melissopalynological and Volatile Compounds Analysis of Buckwheat Honey from Different Geographical Origins and Their Role in Botanical Determination

Table 4

Volatile compounds identified in investigated honey samples expressed as percentages. B1–B6: buckwheat honey from Italy (Teglio-Valtellina); B7: buckwheat honey from Russia; B8 and B9: buckwheat honey from Poland; B10: Buckwheat honey from Russia.


Compounds	RT^a	Identification^b	Sample code
Compounds	RT^a	Identification^b	B1^c	B2^c	B3^c	B4^c	B5^c	B6^c	B7^d	B8^d	B9^d	B10^d

Alcohols
Ethanol	3.97	MS, LRI	14.85	9.05	12.25	5.70	5.18	7.65	8.39	11.41	12.00	6.36
2,3-Butanedione	4.98	MS, LRI	0.07	0.09	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.09	0.42	0.13	0.11	2.78
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol	7.39	MS, LRI	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.35	0.42	0.48	0.27	nd	0.05	nd
1-Butanol	12.67	MS, LRI	0.36	0.49	0.30	0.09	0.11	0.13	0.08	0.17	0.19	0.06
2-Methylbutanol	14.46	MS, LRI	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.08
2-Methylpropanol	15.02	MS, LRI	0.01	0.02	0.01	nd	nd	0.01	0.02	nd	nd	nd
3-Methylbutanol	15.41	MS, LRI	0.87	1.17	0.72	0.95	1.12	1.29	1.03	1.00	0.92	0.90
2-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol	16.78	MS, LRI	0.07	0.09	0.05	0.23	0.28	0.32	0.42	nd	0.03	0.17
3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol	16.94	MS, LRI	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.02	0.01
2-Methylbutenol	19.09	MS, LRI	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.03	nd	nd	0.03	nd

Total			16.30	11.00	13.45	7.50	7.29	10.07	10.68	12.95	13.38	10.36

Phenols
2-Caren-10-al	29.28	MS, LRI	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.05	nd	nd	0.14
p-Cymen-8-ol	30.46	MS, LRI	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.07
Phenol	32.53	MS, LRI	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.05	0.06	0.04	nd
p-Cresol	33.26	MS, LRI	0.19	0.26	0.16	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.20	0.01	0.09	nd
Thymol	34.34	MS, LRI	0.01	0.01	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd

Total			0.27	0.36	0.21	0.06	0.11	0.12	0.35	0.11	0.18	0.21

Ketones
2-Butanone	6.61	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	0.33	0.78	0.70	0.35	nd	nd	0.08
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	17.65	MS, LRI	1.06	1.44	0.88	0.44	0.52	0.60	1.09	0.80	1.23	1.26
Hydroxyacetone	18.08	MS, LRI	2.36	3.18	1.95	1.50	1.76	2.02	2.15	1.30	2.23	1.40
2-Hydroxy-3-pentanone	19.90	MS, LRI	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.02	0.03
1-Hydroxy-2-butanone	20.29	MS, LRI	0.09	0.12	0.07	0.32	0.38	0.44	0.24	0.02	0.15	0.02
2-Methyl-butyrolactone	25.20	MS, LRI	0.45	0.61	0.37	0.09	0.11	0.12	1.05	0.18	0.08	nd
4-Oxoisophorone	27.42	MS, LRI	0.06	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.28	0.13	0.08	0.03

Total			4.52	6.06	3.73	3.45	4.45	4.94	6.02	2.62	8.42	3.50

Free fatty acid
Acetic acid	22.14	MS, LRI	9.35	12.63	7.72	11.28	13.25	15.22	20.14	26.80	20.48	31.80
Formic acid	23.36	MS, LRI	6.65	8.98	5.49	nd	13.25	0.14	nd	6.29	5.90	4.41
Propanoic acid	24.28	MS, LRI	0.39	0.52	0.342	0.30	0.36	0.41	1.04	0.42	0.39	0.84
Isobutyric acid	24.95	MS, LRI	0.49	0.67	0.41	0.24	0.28	0.32	0.35	0.50	0.52	2.08
Butanoic acid	26.19	MS, LRI	2.70	3.64	2.22	0.63	0.74	0.85	1.99	1.01	3.01	1.55
2-Propanoic acid	26.28	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Isovaleric acid	27.05	MS, LRI	10.49	14.17	8.66	3.02	3.55	4.08	3.35	7.00	11.26	3.96
Pentanoic acid	28.35	MS, LRI	1.46	1.98	1.21	0.15	0.18	0.20	1.51	0.18	1.62	0.66
2-Butenoic acid	28.95	MS, LRI	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.22	0.01	0.01	0.11
3-Methylpentanoic acid	29.40	MS, LRI	0.08	0.11	0.07	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.11	0.08	0.05	0.07
4-Methylpentanoic acid	29.58	MS, LRI	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.41	0.03	0.03	0.01
4-Pentanoic acid	30.84	MS, LRI	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.01
Benzyl nitrile	31.63	MS, LRI	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	nd	0.01	nd
Heptanoic acid	31.96	MS, LRI	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.07	0.02	0.12
Octanoic acid	33.05	MS, LRI	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.14
Nonanoic acid	34.12	MS, LRI	0.01	0.05	0.01	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.14	0.05	0.09
Benzoic acid	37.83	MS, LRI	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.01	0.09	0.04	0.08

Total			31.76	42.91	26.20	15.80	18.55	21.46	29.24	42.67	43.43	45.93

Esters
Ethyl acetate	3.04	MS, LRI	0.04	0.06	0.04	0.16	0.18	0.17	0.52	0.50	0.53	nd
Butanoic acid 3-methyl-ethyl ester	8.60	MS, LRI	nd	nd	0.01	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Ethyl lactate	19.65	MS, LRI	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	nd	0.03	nd
Vinyl 2,2-dimethyl pentanoate	21.70	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.13
Propylene carbonate	30.14	MS, LRI	0.01	nd	0.01	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd

Total			0.08	0.10	0.08	0.17	0.20	0.18	0.54	0.50	0.56	0.13

Aldehydes
Acetaldehyde	1.75	MS, LRI	0.10	0.13	0.08	0.71	0.84	0.96	0.09	0.39	0.17	0.54
Butanal	2.86	MS, LRI	0.75	1.01	0.62	0.02	0.05	0.08	0.61	0.20	0.53	0.02
2-Methylbutanal	3.37	MS, LRI	1.03	1.39	0.85	0.57	0.67	0.77	1.61	0.01	0.59	0.02
3-Methylbutanal	3.45	MS, LRI	6.70	9.05	5.53	3.29	3.86	4.44	6.76	4.42	2.46	nd
Pentanal	4.79	MS, LRI	0.16	0.22	0.13	0.05	0.05	0.09	0.20	0.70	0.84	0.1
Hexanal	9.01	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.03
2-Pentanal	11.54	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	0.08	0.09	0.08	nd	nd	nd	nd
Heptanal	14.09	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.07	nd	nd	0.05
Nonanal	21.00	MS, LRI	0.01	0.01	nd	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.17	0.07	0.49
Benzaldehyde	23.89	MS, LRI	0.21	0.29	0.18	0.21	0.24	0.28	0.21	0.60	0.29	4.77
Lilac aldehyde A	24.88	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Lilac aldehyde B	25.37	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	0.02	0.03	0.03	nd	0.04	0.05	nd
Benzeneacetaldehyde	26.42	MS, LRI	0.61	0.82	0.50	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.06	nd	0.08	0.09
Nicotinaldehyde	27.61	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.03	nd	nd	0.44
2-Methyl-2-octenedial	29.18	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	0.03	0.06	0.07	0.05	nd	nd	0.15
Phenylacetaldehyde	31.31	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.05	nd	nd	0.05
2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehyde	32.69	MS, LRI	0.18	0.25	0.15	0.30	0.35	0.33	0.71	0.12	0.10	nd
Cinnamaldehyde	32.83	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd

Total			9.75	13.16	8.04	5.41	6.37	7.30	10.48	6.65	5.18	6.63

Furans
Furan	2.19	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.68
Methylfuran	3.15	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.28	nd	nd	1.19
Dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone	17.04	MS, LRI	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.59	0.01	0.10	0.01
Furfural	22.61	MS, LRI	3.29	4.09	3.39	1.22	1.50	0.14	4.91	1.29	5.90	0.96
1-(2-Furanyl)-ethanone	23.54	MS, LRI	0.48	0.64	0.39	0.68	0.80	0.92	0.79	0.08	0.42	nd
5-Methylfurfural	25.03	MS, LRI	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.16	0.19	0.22	1.25	0.50	0.52	0.05
Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone	25.65	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.03	0.07	4.21	nd
Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone	25.72	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	1.75	2.06	1.80	1.31	nd	nd	0.68
2(5H)-Furanone	28.49	MS, LRI	0.30	0.40	0.24	0.28	0.33	0.38	0.84	0.02	0.29	0.03
4,5-Dimethyl-2-furaldehyde	32.19	MS, LRI	0.05	0.06	0.04	0.09	0.11	0.13	0.15	0.04	0.03	nd

Total			3.69	5.25	3.72	2.31	4.23	2.70	9.37	1.93	11.05	3.60

Terpenes
Verbenene	10.74	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.03
-Phellandrene	12.91	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.03
-Terpinene	13.62	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.04	0.01	0.07
-Terpinene	16.45	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.03	nd	nd	0.07
Cymene	17.24	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.65	nd	nd	0.08
cis-Linalool oxide	22.24	MS, LRI	0.67	0.90	0.55	4.4	5.18	5.95	3.31	6.80	11.50	2.15
trans-linalool oxide	22.87	MS, LRI	0.46	0.62	0.38	1.23	nd	1.66	3.23	0.28	0.25	nd
Menthofuran	23.06	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.25
Linalool	24.70	MS, LRI	0.13	0.17	0.11	0.11	0.13	0.15	0.13	0.20	0.29	0.35
Damascenone	29.96	MS, LRI	nd	nd	nd	0.01	0.28	0.02	0.09	nd	nd	nd
-Terpinolene	31.77	MS, LRI	0.01	0.01	0.01	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.24
Carvacrol	34.66	MS, LRI	nd	0.06	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.09

Total			1.26	1.77	1.04	5.77	5.61	7.78	7.43	7.32	12.05	3.36

Miscellaneous
Dimethyl sulfide	1.93	MS, LRI	1.94	2.61	1.60	0.76	0.89	0.83	0.90	0.62	1.16	0.92
Eugenol	34.45	MS, LRI	0.01	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd

Total			1.95	2.61	1.60	0.76	0.89	0.83	0.90	0.62	1.16	0.92

Retention time; ^bMS: mass spectrum tentatively identified using NIST 05 and Wiley 275 libraries; LRI: linear retention index.
^cNormalized amount of volatile compounds (percentage) (peak of volatile compound/total peak area of all volatile compounds) of buckwheat honeys from Italy (Valtellina).
^dNormalized amount of volatile compounds (percentage) (peak of volatile compound/total peak area of all volatile compounds) of buckwheat honeys from Russia, Poland, and Nepal.
nd: not detected.