Melissopalynological and Volatile Compounds Analysis of Buckwheat Honey from Different Geographical Origins and Their Role in Botanical Determination
Table 5
Volatile compounds identified in investigated honey samples expressed as percentages. M1–M3: multifloral honeys from Italy (Teglio-Valtellina); M4–M6: multifloral honeys from Italy (Valtellina); A1–A3: acacia honeys from Italy (Valtellina); R1–R3: rhododendron honeys from Italy (Valtellina).
Compounds
RTa
Identificationb
Sample code
M1c
M2c
M3c
M4c
M5c
M6c
A1c
A2c
A3c
R1c
R2c
R3c
Alcohols
Ethanol
3.97
MS, LRI
25.83
15.01
6.66
30.82
28.20
34.48
13.11
15.69
9.54
40.55
32.60
38.42
2,3-Butanedione
4.98
MS, LRI
2.97
nd
0.21
nd
0.78
0.39
0.48
0.27
0.60
0.25
0.30
0.22
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol
7.39
MS, LRI
0.03
0.05
nd
nd
0.10
0.05
0.04
nd
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.08
1-Butanol
12.67
MS, LRI
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.5
0.68
0.41
0.45
0.11
0.78
0.38
0.25
0.68
2-Methylbutanol
14.46
MS, LRI
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.05
2-Methylpropanol
15.02
MS, LRI
nd
nd
0.05
nd
nd
nd
0.02
0.02
0.01
nd
nd
nd
3-Methylbutanol
15.41
MS, LRI
0.58
0.47
0.56
0.39
0.51
0.55
0.54
0.25
0.92
0.51
0.35
0.60
2-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol
16.78
MS, LRI
0.14
0.06
0.10
0.01
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.07
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.10
3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol
16.94
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2-Methylbutenol
19.09
MS, LRI
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
nd
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
nd
0.01
Total
29.70
15.68
7.74
31.73
30.42
35.99
14.80
16.46
12.14
41.92
33.66
40.16
Phenols
2-Caren-10-al
29.28
MS, LRI
0.09
nd
0.19
0.10
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
p-Cymen-8-ol
30.46
MS, LRI
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.10
0.07
nd
nd
nd
0.03
0.03
0.02
Phenol
32.53
MS, LRI
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
nd
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.01
p-Cresol
33.26
MS, LRI
0.01
0.01
nd
nd
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
nd
nd
0.01
Thymol
34.34
MS, LRI
nd
0.01
nd
nd
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
nd
Total
0.20
0.10
0.31
0.16
0.15
0.10
0.03
0.02
0.043
0.07
0.11
0.04
Ketones
2-Butanone
6.61
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone
17.65
MS, LRI
1.04
1.47
0.62
1.44
0.44
0.84
1.10
1.72
1.50
0.47
0.49
0.44
Hydroxyacetone
18.08
MS, LRI
1.02
0.72
1.62
1.16
0.71
nd
2.92
1.27
2.57
1.65
2.55
1.56
2-Hydroxy-3-pentanone
19.90
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1-Hydroxy-2-butanone
20.29
MS, LRI
0.04
0.07
nd
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.10
2-Methyl-butyrolactone
25.20
MS, LRI
nd
0.05
nd
0.15
0.27
0.21
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.06
0.05
0.04
4-Oxoisophorone
27.42
MS, LRI
0.16
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.01
nd
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.01
nd
Total
2.36
2.49
2.35
2.87
1.68
1.21
4.40
3.26
4.51
3.29
3.55
2.48
Free fatty acid
Acetic acid
22.14
MS, LRI
27.4
31.32
30.48
18.50
40.64
32.56
48.12
41.40
44.83
25.63
21.53
29.74
Formic acid
23.36
MS, LRI
2.58
3.13
3.03
12.08
5.49
6.29
8.29
5.56
5.03
7.53
12.25
6.82
Propanoic acid
24.28
MS, LRI
0.72
0.75
0.79
0.16
0.41
0.78
0.71
0.43
0.99
0.40
0.41
0.40
Isobutyric acid
24.95
MS, LRI
1.00
1.20
1.80
1.22
2.30
1.26
1.30
0.49
1.11
0.49
0.32
0.35
Butanoic acid
26.19
MS, LRI
1.30
1.26
1.34
0.43
0.46
0.94
1.22
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.50
1.90
2-Propanoic acid
26.28
MS, LRI
0.05
0.02
0.08
nd
0.01
nd
0.05
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.01
nd
Isovaleric acid
27.05
MS, LRI
2.73
1.70
3.74
1.41
1.47
2.94
3.50
3.17
3.82
1.71
1.43
1.99
Pentanoic acid
28.35
MS, LRI
0.43
0.03
0.23
0.07
0.18
0.18
0.24
0.25
0.28
nd
0.02
nd
2-Butenoic acid
28.95
MS, LRI
0.02
0.03
0.02
nd
0.01
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.02
0.01
0.03
3-Methylpentanoic acid
29.40
MS, LRI
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.02
0.10
4-Methylpentanoic acid
29.58
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
4-Pentanoic acid
30.84
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Benzyl nitrile
31.63
MS, LRI
nd
0.02
nd
nd
nd
0.01
nd
nd
nd
0.02
0.03
nd
Heptanoic acid
31.96
MS, LRI
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.10
0.11
0.18
0.12
0.11
0.14
Octanoic acid
33.05
MS, LRI
0.07
0.03
0.03
nd
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.02
nd
Nonanoic acid
34.12
MS, LRI
0.03
0.02
0.03
nd
0.02
nd
0.02
nd
0.02
0.01
0.01
nd
Benzoic acid
37.83
MS, LRI
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
Total
36.54
39.69
41.78
33.93
51.13
45.12
63.75
53.37
57.76
37.34
37.75
41.55
Esters
Ethyl acetate
3.04
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.04
0.08
0.05
Butanoic acid 3-methyl-ethyl ester
8.60
MS, LRI
nd
0.02
0.01
0.05
nd
0.03
nd
nd
0.03
nd
nd
nd
Ethyl lactate
19.65
MS, LRI
0.03
0.04
nd
0.01
nd
0.01
nd
0.02
nd
0.02
nd
0.04
Vinyl 2,2-dimethyl pentanoate
21.70
MS, LRI
0.13
0.10
0.25
nd
0.1
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Propylene carbonate
30.14
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.01
0.02
0.01
Total
0.16
0.16
0.26
0.06
0.10
0.04
nd
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.10
Aldehydes
Acetaldehyde
1.75
MS, LRI
0.46
0.52
0.40
0.91
0.41
0.45
nd
nd
nd
0.37
0.20
0.46
Butanal
2.86
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2-Methylbutanal
3.37
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
3-Methylbutanal
3.45
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.05
0.10
0.05
Pentanal
4.79
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Hexanal
9.01
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.04
nd
0.07
nd
nd
0.01
2-Pentanal
11.54
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.01
0.01
nd
nd
nd
nd
Heptanal
14.09
MS, LRI
0.03
0.01
0.02
nd
0.03
0.02
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Nonanal
21.00
MS, LRI
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.05
nd
nd
0.08
0.15
nd
nd
nd
nd
Benzaldehyde
23.89
MS, LRI
1.19
1.06
0.70
0.40
0.96
0.53
0.86
0.60
1.11
1.70
1.10
1.30
Lilac aldehyde A
24.88
MS, LRI
1.00
1.20
0.80
0.22
1.30
1.26
0.02
0.02
0.01
nd
nd
nd
Lilac aldehyde B
25.37
MS, LRI
0.10
0.08
nd
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.16
0.03
0.10
Benzeneacetaldehyde
26.42
MS, LRI
nd
0.01
nd
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.04
Nicotinaldehyde
27.61
MS, LRI
0.50
0.34
0.60
nd
0.04
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.22
0.10
0.14
2-Methyl-2-octenedial
29.18
MS, LRI
0.10
0.03
0.10
0.01
0.10
0.11
nd
nd
nd
0.02
0.03
0.01
Phenylacetaldehyde
31.31
MS, LRI
0.03
nd
0.07
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.02
nd
nd
nd
nd
2-Pyrrolecarbaldehyde
32.69
MS, LRI
nd
0.03
nd
0.01
nd
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
nd
Cinnamaldehyde
32.83
MS, LRI
0.03
nd
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.01
nd
0.02
nd
0.02
nd
Total
3.50
3.30
2.76
1.65
2.97
2.47
1.16
0.96
1.37
2.59
1.63
2.11
Furans
Furan
2.19
MS, LRI
0.18
nd
0.03
nd
0.02
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Methylfuran
3.15
MS, LRI
0.81
0.27
0.30
0.25
0.15
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.13
0.10
0.25
Dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone
17.04
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Furfural
22.61
MS, LRI
1.42
1.71
1.13
1.07
1.30
2.19
3.41
2.06
4.77
2.56
2.53
2.50
1-(2-Furanyl)-ethanone
23.54
MS, LRI
0.05
0.10
nd
0.05
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.5
0.08
0.01
5-Methylfurfural
25.03
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
25.65
MS, LRI
0.75
nd
0.09
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.05
nd
nd
0.01
Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
25.72
MS, LRI
0.40
0.38
0.70
0.04
0.09
0.07
nd
nd
nd
0.44
0.87
0.50
2(5H)-Furanone
28.49
MS, LRI
nd
0.03
nd
nd
0.04
0.02
nd
nd
0.02
0.01
0.02
nd
4,5-Dimethyl-2-furaldehyde
32.19
MS, LRI
nd
0.02
nd
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.05
Total
3.56
2.41
2.25
1.39
1.68
2.33
3.50
2.13
4.89
3.25
3.60
3.31
Terpenes
Verbenene
10.74
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.03
0.01
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
-Phellandrene
12.91
MS, LRI
0.03
nd
0.05
nd
0.03
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
-Terpinene
13.62
MS, LRI
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.02
nd
nd
0.05
0.07
nd
nd
nd
-Terpinene
16.45
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.01
nd
nd
nd
nd
Cymene
17.24
MS, LRI
0.05
0.01
0.05
nd
0.01
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
cis-Linalool oxide
22.24
MS, LRI
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
trans-Linalool oxide
22.87
MS, LRI
0.19
0.10
0.25
0.03
nd
0.01
0.11
0.08
0.04
0.14
0.06
0.10
Menthofuran
23.06
MS, LRI
0.26
nd
0.50
nd
0.10
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Linalool
24.70
MS, LRI
0.75
0.20
0.23
0.12
0.18
nd
0.47
0.65
0.20
0.91
0.12
0.67
Damascenone
29.96
MS, LRI
0.02
0.02
nd
0.01
nd
0.01
nd
0.02
nd
0.13
0.10
0.12
-Terpinolene
31.77
MS, LRI
0.14
nd
0.25
nd
0.11
0.05
nd
nd
0.03
0.01
0.02
nd
Carvacrol
34.66
MS, LRI
nd
nd
0.01
nd
0.07
0.03
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Total
1.5
0.34
1.37
0.20
0.55
0.11
0.58
0.00
0.34
1.19
0.30
0.89
Miscellanous
Dimethyl sulfide
1.93
MS, LRI
1.07
1.14
0.70
nd
1.00
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.72
0.15
1.20
Eugenol
34.45
MS, LRI
nd
0.01
nd
nd
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
nd
nd
nd
Total
1.07
1.15
0.70
nd
1.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.72
0.15
1.20
Retention time; bMS: mass spectrum tentatively identified using NIST 05 and Wiley 275 libraries; LRI: linear retention index.
cNormalized amount of volatile compounds (percentage) (peak of volatile compound/total peak area of all volatile compounds) of multifloral, acacia, and rhododendron honey from Italy (Valtellina). nd: not detected.