History, Introduction, and Kinetics of Ion Exchange Materials

<table> ((a) and (b)) Equivalent character of ion exchange. The following reactions are considered<svg height="15.5625" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-0.10919pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 27.799999 15.5625" width="27.799999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -67.42,70.93 17.61,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.725,15.362)"><path d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144
q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" id="x52"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.621,15.362)"><path d="M655 0h-263v28q46 5 55.5 14.5t-5.5 34.5l-132 214q-69 -104 -122 -202q-19 -32 -10.5 -43.5t58.5 -17.5v-28h-229v28q44 5 70 17t47 40q47 59 164 239l-134 214q-33 50 -54 64t-74 20v28h246v-28q-44 -5 -52 -14t5 -28q32 -55 114 -182q66 102 99 162q19 33 10.5 44.5
t-57.5 17.5v28h228v-28q-56 -6 -80 -19.5t-58 -57.5q-45 -62 -121 -179l157 -246q35 -53 60.5 -70t77.5 -22v-28z" id="x58"></path></g>
</svg> + Y<sup>2+</sup> = <svg height="15.5625" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.10919pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.7125 15.5625" width="20.7125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -71.95,70.93 16.47,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.362)"><path d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144
q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" id="x52"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.871,15.362)"><path d="M620 650v-28q-51 -6 -70.5 -19t-48.5 -60q-68 -110 -126 -219q-17 -32 -17 -63v-136q0 -63 15.5 -77.5t84.5 -19.5v-28h-282v28q67 5 82 19.5t15 77.5v133q0 22 -21 60l-126 219q-31 53 -49 67t-62 18v28h239v-28q-51 -6 -59.5 -18t8.5 -36q13 -25 135 -237
q87 155 119 225q18 37 9 48.5t-67 17.5v28h221z" id="x59"></path></g>
</svg> + 2X<sup>+</sup> and <svg height="15.5625" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.10919pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 22.137501 15.5625" width="22.137501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -71.95,70.93 17.61,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.362)"><path d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144
q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" id="x52"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.942,15.362)"><path d="M655 0h-263v28q46 5 55.5 14.5t-5.5 34.5l-132 214q-69 -104 -122 -202q-19 -32 -10.5 -43.5t58.5 -17.5v-28h-229v28q44 5 70 17t47 40q47 59 164 239l-134 214q-33 50 -54 64t-74 20v28h246v-28q-44 -5 -52 -14t5 -28q32 -55 114 -182q66 102 99 162q19 33 10.5 44.5
t-57.5 17.5v28h228v-28q-56 -6 -80 -19.5t-58 -57.5q-45 -62 -121 -179l157 -246q35 -53 60.5 -70t77.5 -22v-28z" id="x58"></path></g>
</svg> + Z<sup>3+</sup> = <svg height="15.9875" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-0.10919pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.924999 15.9875" width="20.924999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -71.95,70.93 16.65,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.788)"><path d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144
q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" id="x52"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.619,15.788)"><path d="M561 176l29 -6q-25 -130 -36 -170h-517l-8 15l420 599h-173q-77 0 -102 -7t-39 -29q-19 -29 -35 -87l-29 1q9 111 12 183h24q9 -16 19 -20.5t34 -4.5h399l7 -14l-413 -594q48 -6 163 -6q94 0 131.5 7.5t58.5 29.5q28 29 55 103z" id="x5A"></path></g>
</svg> + 3X<sup>+</sup>.</table>

Journal of Chemistry

History, Introduction, and Kinetics of Ion Exchange Materials

Figure 1