Novel Water Treatment Processes Based on Hybrid Membrane-Ozonation Systems: A Novel Ceramic Membrane Contactor for Bubbleless Ozonation of Emerging Micropollutants
Table 3
Impact of water constituents on the use of ozone for disinfection [25].
Constituent
Effect
BOD, COD, TOC, and so forth
Organic compounds that comprise the BOD and COD can exert an ozone demand. The degree of interference depends on their functional groups and their chemical structure
NOM (natural organic matter)
Affects the rate of ozone decomposition and the ozone demand
Oil and grease
Can exert an ozone demand
TSS
Increase ozone demand and shielding of embedded bacteria
Alkalinity
No or minor effect
Hardness
No or minor effect
Ammonia
No or minor effect and can react at high pH
Nitrite
Oxidized by ozone
Nitrate
Can reduce effectiveness of ozone
Iron
Oxidized by ozone
Manganese
Oxidized by ozone
pH
Affects the rate of ozone decomposition
Industrial discharges
Depending on the constituents, may lead to diurnal and seasonal variations in the ozone demand
