Journal of Chemistry

Research Article

Chemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Groundwater of Exploited Aquifers in Beijiao Water Source of Yinchuan, China: A Case Study for Drinking, Irrigation, and Industrial Purposes

Table 1

Statistics of groundwater quality parameters.


Parameter	Aquifer	Unit	Min	Max	Median	Mean	CV	Acceptable limits

pH	Unconfined	—	7.27	8.08	7.87	7.78	0.03	6.5–8.5
pH	Confined	—	7.89	8.24	8.21	8.15	0.01	6.5–8.5
TDS	Unconfined	mg/L	255	1980	740	864.91	0.47	1000
TDS	Confined	mg/L	224	267	246	246.57	0.05	1000
-N	Unconfined	mg/L	0.046	0.34	0.06	0.08	0.75	0.2
-N	Confined	mg/L	0.116	0.362	0.21	0.22	0.31	0.2
TA	Unconfined	mg/L	149	701	336	334.78	0.36	—
TA	Confined	mg/L	188	251	203.5	206.29	0.08	—
TH	Unconfined	mg/L	210	1089	531	512.35	0.39	450
TH	Confined	mg/L	179	222	194	197.50	0.07	450
COD_Mn	Unconfined	mg/L	ND	2.1	1	1.03	0.44	3
COD_Mn	Confined	mg/L	ND	1	0.65	0.67	0.25	3
-N	Unconfined	mg/L	ND	0.211	ND	—	—	0.02
-N	Confined	mg/L	ND	ND	ND	ND	0	0.02
Na⁺	Unconfined	mg/L	42.6	371	157	178.8	0.47	200
Na⁺	Confined	mg/L	26.7	61.5	32.4	34.37	0.26	200
K⁺	Unconfined	mg/L	4.29	42.1	7.01	10.24	0.84	—
K⁺	Confined	mg/L	3.13	8.94	5.48	5.73	0.38	—
Mg²⁺	Unconfined	mg/L	27.2	213	71.8	79.54	0.52	150
Mg²⁺	Confined	mg/L	24.2	29.5	26.2	26.47	0.06	150
Ca²⁺	Unconfined	mg/L	39.9	163	87.8	88.03	0.35	200
Ca²⁺	Confined	mg/L	32.7	69.3	38.5	41.89	0.21	200
F⁻	Unconfined	mg/L	0.14	1.82	0.38	0.57	0.84	1
F⁻	Confined	mg/L	0.27	0.43	0.34	0.34	0.14	1
Cl⁻	Unconfined	mg/L	62.5	335	147	177.35	0.45	250
Cl⁻	Confined	mg/L	55.5	75.7	64.85	64.48	0.09	250
-N	Unconfined	mg/L	1.99	26.2	6.53	8.51	0.94	20
-N	Confined	mg/L	0.87	2.63	1.22	1.45	0.40	20
	Unconfined	mg/L	47.6	466	279	264.45	0.49	250
	Confined	mg/L	30.5	47.8	36.5	37.64	0.13	250
Fe	Unconfined	mg/L	ND	0.101	0.003	<0.012	—	—
Fe	Confined	mg/L	0.078	0.25	0.183	0.15	0.33	—
Mn	Unconfined	mg/L	ND	0.737	0.002	<0.050	—	—
Mn	Confined	mg/L	0.036	0.077	0.065	0.06	0.17	—
Se	Unconfined	mg/L	ND	1.76 × 10⁻³	2.43 × 10⁻⁴	—	—	0.01
Se	Confined	mg/L	ND	6.00 × 10⁻³	ND	—	—	0.01
Hg	Unconfined	mg/L	1.60 × 10⁻⁵	1.85 × 10⁻⁴	3.70 × 10⁻⁵	6.38 × 10⁻⁵	0.77	0.001
Hg	Confined	mg/L	2.50 × 10⁻⁵	1.84 × 10⁻⁴	9.30 × 10⁻⁵	9.64 × 10⁻⁵	0.51	0.001
As	Unconfined	mg/L	1.74 × 10⁻⁴	1.35 × 10⁻³	5.63 × 10⁻⁴	5.99 × 10⁻⁴	0.45	0.05
As	Confined	mg/L	1.51 × 10⁻⁴	1.28 × 10⁻³	2.83 × 10⁻⁴	3.89 × 10⁻⁴	0.77	0.05
TC	Unconfined	mpn/L	ND	2005	222	—	—	3
TC	Confined	mpn/L	ND	150	ND	—	—	3
TBC	Unconfined	cfu/mL	0	102	20	30.8	1.1	100
TBC	Confined	cfu/mL	0	12	0	1.14	2.82	100

CV: coefficient of variation; ND: not detected.