Journal of Chemistry

Research Article

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) Essential Oils and Phenolics

Table 2

ANOVA analysis, qualitative and quantitative essential oil composition (peak area % ± SD) of A. absinthium L. aerial parts.


Compound^*	RRI^a	RRI^b	Collection region				df
Compound^*	RRI^a	RRI^b	Jérissa	Boukornine	Kairouan	Bou Salem	df

Tricyclene	1014	927	1.00 ± 0.11^a	0.02 ± 0.00^d	0.74 ± 0.06^b	0.23 ± 0.03^c	3	9.6733	0.004^***
α-Thujene	1032	939	0.05 ± 0.01^c	0.05 ± 0.00^c	3.28 ± 0.32^a	0.23 ± 0.02^b	3	10077.77	0.000^***
α-Pinene	1035	931	0.10 ± 0.01^c	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.62 ± 0.05^a	0.20 ± 0.03^b	3	65.81	0.000^***
Camphene	1076	950	0.06 ± 0.01^c	0.03 ± 0.00^d	0.66 ± 0.07^a	0.24 ± 0.03^b	3	163.01	0.000^***
β-Pinene	1118	980	1.20 ± 0.10^a	0.25 ± 0.02^c	0.02 ± 0.00^d	0.27 ± 0.03^b	3	251.96	0.000^***
Sabinene	1132	976	0.28 ± 0.03^c	1.87 ± 0.19^a	0.02 ± 0.00^d	1.67 ± 0.15^b	3	3383.83	0.000^***
Myrcene	1176	988	0.50 ± 0.04^b	0.05 ± 0.01^c	1.52 ± 0.14^a	0.02 ± 0.00^d	3	555.19	0.000^***
α-Terpinene	1188	1018	0.03 ± 0.00^c	0.44 ± 0.05^a	0.08 ± 0.01^b	0.03 ± 0.00^c	3	247.78	0.000^***
Limonene	1203	1026	0.10 ± 0.01^d	0.95 ± 0.08^a	0.14 ± 0.01^c	0.40 ± 0.03^b	3	39.49	0.000^***
1,8-Cineole	1213	1033	0.03 ± 0.00^c	0.03 ± 0.00^c	0.35 ± 0.04^a	0.08 ± 0.01^b	3	83.14	0.000^***
β-Phellandrene	1218	1031	0.10 ± 0.02^b	0.04 ± 0.00^d	0.06 ± 0.01^c	0.26 ± 0.03^a	3	25.44	0.000^***
Z-β-Ocimene	1246	1040	0.20 ± 0.03^c	1.59 ± 0.16^a	0.26 ± 0.03^b	0.05 ± 0.00^d	3	538.84	0.000^***
E-β-Ocimene	1266	1050	0.08 ± 0.01^d	0.10 ± 0.02^c	1.40 ± 0.16^a	0.43 ± 0.05^b	3	105.86	0.000^***
γ-Terpinene	1267	1062	0.10 ± 0.02^b	0.07 ± 0.01^c	0.18 ± 0.02^a	0.04 ± 0.00^d	3	27.18	0.000^***
p-Cymene	1280	1026	0.08 ± 0.01^c	0.12 ± 0.01^b	0.22 ± 0.03^a	0.04 ± 0.00^d	3	44.75	0.000^***
Terpinolene	1290	1088	0.20 ± 0.03^b	0.13 ± 0.01^c	0.12 ± 0.01^cd	0.62 ± 0.05^a	3	57.94	0.000^***
β-Thujone	1430	1089	17.16 ± 1.56^c	21.02 ± 2.32^b	22.09 ± 2.12^a	6.72 ± 0.75^d	3	590069.9	0.000^***
α-Thujone	1430	1089	0.20 ± 0.02^b	0.07 ± 0.01^c	0.28 ± 0.03^a	0.04 ± 0.00^d	3	13.52	0.001^***
trans-Linalool oxide	1450	1088	0.03 ± 0.00^c	0.02 ± 0.00^d	6.04 ± 0.77^a	2.58 ± 0.25^b	3	11876.62	0.000^***
trans-Sabinene hydrate	1474	1053	12.07 ± 1.32^c	12.58 ± 1.30^b	5.32 ± 0.56^d	21.78 ± 2.12^a	3	242741.2	0.000^***
cis-Linalool oxide	1478	1074	0.05 ± 0.00^c	0.13 ± 0.01^b	0.05 ± 0.01^c	1.86 ± 0.16^a	3	6371.93	0.000^***
α-Copaene	1497	1379	0.50 ± 0.04^b	4.07 ± 0.44^a	0.33 ± 0.03^c	0.22 ± 0.03^d	3	3561.91	0.000^***
Camphor	1532	1143	0.02 ± 0.00^d	0.04 ± 0.00^c	0.15 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.01^b	3	13.73	0.001^***
Linalool	1553	1088	2.00 ± 0.23^a	0.80 ± 0.07^b	0.09 ± 0.01^d	0.15 ± 0.02^c	3	9.32	0.005^**
cis-Sabinene hydrate	1556	1082	0.02 ± 0.00^d	1.82 ± 0.15^a	1.80 ± 0.20^b	0.80 ± 0.07^c	3	441.83	0.000^***
Linalyl acetate	1565	1239	0.50 ± 0.06^b	4.58 ± 0.51^a	0.08 ± 0.01^d	0.21 ± 0.03^c	3	5308.55	0.000^***
Bornyl acetate	1590	1270	1.10 ± 0.10^a	0.04 ± 0.00^c	0.36 ± 0.04^b	0.02 ± 0.00^d	3	268.07	0.000^***
Terpinene-4-ol	1611	1176	3.00 ± 0.41^a	0.15 ± 0.01^c	0.05 ± 0.00^d	1.10 ± 0.12^b	3	22.16	0.000^***
cis-Dihydrocarvone	1645	1193	0.48 ± 0.05^b	0.94 ± 0.08^a	0.11 ± 0.01^c	0.03 ± 0.00^d	3	942.9	0.000^***
cis-Verbenol	1654	1132	2.34 ± 0.24^b	0.02 ± 0.00^d	0.31 ± 0.04^c	3.57 ± 0.44^a	3	15604.73	0.000^***
Sabinyl acetate	1658	1291	0.29 ± 0.03^b	5.01 ± 0.45^a	0.11 ± 0.01^c	0.08 ± 0.01^d	3	100958.1	0.000^***
trans-Sabinol	1666	1120	0.29 ± 0.03^b	0.04 ± 0.00^d	0.06 ± 0.01^c	0.99 ± 0.08^a	3	1582.13	0.000^***
Lavandulol	1677	1150	2.71 ± 0.31^c	0.28 ± 0.03^d	3.61 ± 0.34^b	5.54 ± 0.61^a	3	26002.36	0.000^***
α-Humulene	1687	1454	0.08 ± 0.01^b	0.62 ± 0.05^a	0.03 ± 0.00^c	0.01 ± 0.00^d	3	1699.33	0.000^***
Neral	1694	1240	0.01 ± 0.00^d	0.26 ± 0.03^c	2.68 ± 0.27^a	0.28 ± 0.03^b	3	11106.53	0.000^***
γ-Muurolene	1692	1474	0.28 ± 0.03^b	1.09 ± 0.11^a	0.15 ± 0.02^c	0.05 ± 0.00^d	3	871.32	0.000^***
γ-Curcumene	1704	1475	1.00 ± 0.12^c	2.93 ± 0.32^a	0.57 ± 0.06^d	1.95 ± 0.22^b	3	52.19	0.000^***
α-Terpinyl acetate	1705	1344	0.17 ± 0.01^a	tr	0.14 ± 0.01^b	0.03 ± 0.00^c	3	91.11	0.000^***
α-Terpineol	1706	1189	0.19 ± 0.02^b	0.14 ± 0.01^c	0.05 ± 0.01^d	0.38 ± 0.04^a	3	93.12	0.000^***
Borneol	1719	1165	0.52 ± 0.06^a	0.46 ± 0.05^b	0.23 ± 0.03^c	tr	3	397.35	0.000^***
Germacrene D	1726	1480	0.04 ± 0.00^d	0.10 ± 0.01^c	1.58 ± 0.17^a	0.52 ± 0.06^b	3	1647.56	0.000^***
Neryl acetate	1732	1356	0.20 ± 0.02^c	0.26 ± 0.03^b	0.03 ± 0.00^d	0.51 ± 0.06^a	3	42.73	0.000^***
β-Selinene	1742	1486	4.72 ± 0.51^c	4.50 ± 0.50^d	5.29 ± 0.62^b	6.67 ± 0.74^a	3	45.48	0.000^***
α-Bisabolene	1746	1494	0.88 ± 0.09^b	0.11 ± 0.01^c	1.25 ± 0.15^a	0.02 ± 0.00^d	3	15.32	0.001^***
Carvone	1751	1242	2.00 ± 0.31^a	0.14 ± 0.01^c	0.46 ± 0.05^b	0.05 ± 0.00^d	3	9.88	0.004^**
Geranyl acetate	1765	1383	0.08 ± 0.01^b	0.61 ± 0.07^a	0.03 ± 0.00^c	0.02 ± 0.00^d	3	2429	0.000^***
γ-Cadinene	1776	1526	0.40 ± 0.05^c	1.12 ± 0.15^b	1.27 ± 0.13^a	0.05 ± 0.00^d	3	98.38	0.000^***
Nerol	1797	1228	0.10 ± 0.01^c	0.11 ± 0.01^c	0.33 ± 0.04^b	1.93 ± 0.31^a	3	2118.79	0.000^***
Geraniol	1857	1255	0.65 ± 0.07^a	0.03 ± 0.00^d	0.04 ± 0.00^c	0.20 ± 0.02^b	3	77.96	0.000^***
p-Cymene-8-ol	1864	1183	tr	0.96 ± 0.08^b	3.70 ± 0.41^a	tr	3	3636.71	0.000^***
α-Calacorene	1920	1527	0.11 ± 0.01^d	0.16 ± 0.02^b	0.12 ± 0.01^c	0.52 ± 0.06^a	3	355.3	0.000^***
Caryophyllene oxide	2008	1578	0.05 ± 0.00^b	0.06 ± 0.01^a	0.06 ± 0.00^a	tr	3	16.5	0.000^***
cis-Nerolidol	2050	1553	0.27 ± 0.03^a	0.06 ± 0.01^c	0.07 ± 0.01^b	0.01 ± 0.00^d	3	92.88	0.000^***
Eugenol	2192	1356	0.15 ± 0.02^d	1.24 ± 0.14^a	0.32 ± 0.04^b	0.20 ± 0.03^c	3	218.06	0.000^***
α-Bisabolol	2232	1673	0.03 ± 0.00^b	0.02 ± 0.00^c	0.15 ± 0.02^a	0.01 ± 0.00^d	3	19.07	0.000^***
Chamazulene	2430	1719	39.93 ± 4.56^a	25.30 ± 3.12^d	29.51 ± 3.26^c	34.81 ± 4.11^b	3	5324.71	0.000^***

Chemical classes
Monoterpene hydrocarbons			56.02 ± 6.21^b	45.31 ± 5.31^d	45.73 ± 5.22^c	62.08 ± 7.49^a	3	26322.56	0.000^***
Aromatic hydrocarbons			0.08 ± 0.01^c	0.12 ± 0.01^b	0.22 ± 0.03^a	0.04 ± 0.00^d	3	9563.42	0.000^***
Monoterpene alcohols			12.22 ± 1.33^b	4.29 ± 0.52^d	8.86 ± 0.96^c	14.07 ± 1.67^a	3	912.67	0.000^***
Monoterpene esters			2.34 ± 0.31^b	10.05 ± 1.23^a	0.75 ± 0.08^d	0.87 ± 0.09^c	3	567.01	0.000^***
Monoterpene ketones			19.86 ± 2.13^c	22.21 ± 2.11^b	23.09 ± 3.10^a	6.96 ± 7.41^d	3	152.73	0.000^***
Monoterpene aldehydes			0.01 ± 0.00^d	0.26 ± 0.03^c	2.68 ± 2.45^a	0.28 ± 0.03^b	3	4360.02	0.000^***
Monoterpene ethers			0.11 ± 0.01^d	0.18 ± 0.02^c	6.44 ± 0.77^a	4.52 ± 0.51^b	3	4265.16	0.000^***
Sesquiterpenes			8.09 ± 0.99^d	14.78 ± 1.66^a	10.80 ± 1.45^b	10.02 ± 1.78^c	3	1235.94	0.000^***
Total identified			98.72 ± 10.23^b	97.64 ± 9.78^d	98.55 ± 9.88^c	98.83 ± 9.76^a	3	4581.23	0.000^***

RRI: relative retention index; a: HP-INNOWax, b: HP-5. ^*Compounds in order of elution on HP-INNOWax; values of volatile essential oil percentages are the average three determinations ( = 3). These values with different letters (a–d) are significantly different at < 0.05. nd: not detected. NS: not significant. ^** < 0.01. ^*** < 0.001.
df: degree of freedom, : Fisher value, and : probability.