Journal of Chemistry

Research Article

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) Essential Oils and Phenolics

Table 3

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and phenolic composition in % (w/w) and quantity (µg/g DW) of methanol extracts of the aerial parts of wormwood (A. absinthium L.).


Compound	Collection region								df
	Bou Salem		Kairouan		Jérissa		Boukornine
	µg/g DW	%	µg/g DW	%	µg/g DW	%	µg/g DW	%

Phenolic acids
Tannic acid	0.37 ± 0.04^D	1.32 ± 0.11^d	0.73 ± 0.08^C	4.59 ± 0.51^b	33.4 ± 3.45^A	37.92 ± 4.02^a	1.99 ± 2.01^B	4.13 ± 0.44^c	3	202865.9	0.000^***
Gallic acid	0.38 ± 0.04^D	1.36 ± 0.12^c	0.41 ± 0.03^C	2.58 ± 0.26^b	4.75 ± 0.55^A	5.39 ± 0.61^a	0.63 ± 0.07^B	1.31 ± 0.11^d	3	29258.13	0.000^***
Chlorogenic acid hemihydrate	3.36 ± 0.42^A	11.99 ± 1.32^a	1.49 ± 0.16^C	9.37 ± 0.98^b	2.33 ± 0.31^B	2.65 ± 0.31^c	0.81 ± 0.09^D	1.68 ± 0.17^d	3	89891.62	0.000^***
Caffeic acid	nd	nd	1.52 ± 0.16^A	9.55 ± 0.99^a	1.43 ± 0.13^B	1.62 ± 0.14^b	nd	nd	3	86392.66	0.000^***
Vanillic acid	0.47 ± 0.05^B	1.68 ± 0.15^b	0.94 ± 0.08^A	5.91 ± 0.66^a	nd	Nd	nd	nd	3	186787.8	0.000^***
Syringic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.26 ± 0.14	1.43 ± 0.12	nd	nd	3	6816.33	0.000^***
Ferulic acid	0.35 ± 0.04^D	1.25 ± 0.11^d	0.68 ± 0.07^B	4.27 ± 0.44^a	1.17 ± 0.15^A	1.33 ± 0.10^c	0.65 ± 0.07^C	1.35 ± 0.12^b	3	4175.74	0.000^***
p-Coumaric acid	3.06 ± 0.41^A	10.92 ± 1.23^a	0.55 ± 0.06^D	3.46 ± 0.41^b	2.17 ± 0.23^B	2.46 ± 0.25^c	0.59 ± 0.06^C	1.22 ± 0.11^d	3	47680.92	0.000^***
Rosmarinic acid	0.91 ± 0.08^C	3.25 ± 0.41^a	0.33 ± 0.04^D	2.07 ± 0.22^d	2.52 ± 0.26^A	2.86 ± 0.30^b	1.30 ± 0.14^B	2.70 ± 0.28^c	3	217.56	0.000^***
trans-Cinnamic acid	0.90 ± 0.08^C	3.21 ± 0.34^c	0.60 ± 0.05^D	3.77 ± 0.36^a	2.35 ± 0.25^A	2.67 ± 0.24^d	1.69 ± 0.17^B	3.50 ± 0.36^b	3	10.60	0.003^**
Total	9.80 ± 0.88^B	34.96 ± 3.56^c	7.25 ± 0.81^D	45.57 ± 5.23^b	51.38 ± 4.36^A	58.33 ± 6.21^a	7.66 ± 0.80^C	15.88 ± 1.66^d

Flavanols
Catechin	0.26 ± 0.03^C	0.93 ± 0.08^c	0.50 ± 0.04^B	3.14 ± 0.44^b	4.57 ± 0.50^A	5.19 ± 0.56^a	nd	nd	3	5899.52	0.000^***
Epicatechin	0.67 ± 0.08	2.39 ± 0.24	nd	nd	nd	Nd	nd	nd	3	171363.0	0.000^***
Total	0.93 ± 0.08^B	3.32 ± 0.35^b	0.50 ± 0.06^C	3.14 ± 0.29^c	4.57 ± 0.52^A	5.19 ± 0.62^a	nd	nd

Flavanones
Naringenin	1.20 ± 0.11^C	4.28 ± 0.51^b	1.15 ± 0.12^D	7.23 ± 0.77^a	2.11 ± 0.22^A	2.40 ± 0.25^d	1.31 ± 0.14^B	2.72 ± 0.28^c	3	361.42	0.000^***
Total	1.20 ± 0.10^C	4.28 ± 0.45^b	1.15 ± 0.10^D	7.23 ± 0.77^a	2.11 ± 0.23^A	2.40 ± 0.26^d	1.31 ± 0.12^B	2.72 ± 0.28^c

Flavonols
Myristin	0.87 ± 0.09^C	3.10 ± 0.33^d	0.59 ± 0.06^D	3.71 ± 0.36^c	3.45 ± 0.41^A	3.92 ± 0.41^b	3.04 ± 0.40^B	6.30 ± 0.74^a	3	235.83	0.000^***
Quercetin dihydrate	0.94 ± 0.08^C	3.35 ± 0.35^a	0.33 ± 0.04^D	2.07 ± 0.22^b	1.06 ± 0.10^B	1.20 ± 0.13^c	1.61 ± 0.17^A	3.34 ± 0.36^a	3	296.86	0.000^***
Campherol	0.57 ± 0.06^D	2.03 ± 0.25^c	1.26 ± 0.13^C	7.92 ± 0.84^a	1.35 ± 0.14^B	1.53 ± 0.16^d	1.55 ± 0.16^A	3.21 ± 0.34^b	3	44423.09	0.000^***
Total	2.38 ± 0.24^C	8.49 ± 0.99^c	2.18 ± 0.22^D	13.70 ± 1.45^a	5.86 ± 0.66^B	6.65 ± 0.76^d	6.20 ± 0.65^A	12.86 ± 1.42^b

Flavones
Apigenin	1.40 ± 0.13^C	4.99 ± 0.52^b	0.41 ± 0.05^D	2.58 ± 0.26^d	2.78 ± 0.29^B	3.16 ± 0.41^c	2.96 ± 0.33^A	6.14 ± 0.72^a	3	12947.96	0.000^***
Flavone	5.45 ± 0.61^C	19.44 ± 2.36^b	1.89 ± 0.17^D	11.88 ± 2.11^c	6.01 ± 0.59^B	6.82 ± 0.73^d	15.66 ± 1.72^A	32.47 ± 4.23^a	3	533454.7	0.000^***
Total	7.38 ± 0.88^C	26.33 ± 2.77^b	2.30 ± 0.22^D	14.46 ± 1.66^c	8.79 ± 0.99^B	9.98 ± 1.23^d	18.62 ± 2.01^A	38.61 ± 4.13^a

Coumarins
Coumarin	4.59 ± 0.51^B	16.38 ± 1.78^b	1.67 ± 0.17^C	10.50 ± 1.56^d	13.34 ± 1.14^A	15.15 ± 1.79^c	13.31 ± 1.51^A	27.60 ± 2.86^a	3	618.87	0.000^***
Total	4.59 ± 0.55^B	16.38 ± 1.88^b	1.67 ± 0.18^C	10.50 ± 1.23^d	13.34 ± 1.62^A	15.15 ± 1.62^c	13.31 ± 1.43^A	27.60 ± 2.97^a

Total	28.03 ± 3.12^C	100 ± 9.23^a	15.91 ± 1.65^D	100 ± 8.46^a	88.08 ± 7.59^A	100 ± 9.87^a	48.23 ± 5.21^B	100 ± 8.99^a

The values of the levels and percentages of phenolic compounds represent the average of three replicates ( = 3); nd: not detected. Letters (a–d (lower case): between percentages and A–D (capital letters) between amounts) indicate significant differences at . ^***Significant effect at . df: degree of freedom, : Fisher value, and : probability.