Factors Influencing the Bacterial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in the Soil: Mechanisms and Impacts

Table 1

Overview of strategies and mechanisms employed for bioremediation of hydrocarbon.

Contaminant	Mode of test	Removal mechanism	Duration	Efficiency	Reference
Crude oil (TPH at 20 g/kg)	Soil microcosms	Bioaugmentation + biostimulation	30 days	36–51%	[35]
Crude oil (either 20 g/kg or 50 g/kg)	Field study in soil	Biostimulation + surfactant-assisted biodegradation	486 days	49–62%	[36]
Crude oil (20 g/kg)	Bioreactors with soil	Natural attenuation + bioaugmentation + biostimulation	60 days	51–90%	[37]
PAHs (574 mg/kg)	Soil microcosms	Surfactant-assisted biodegradation	84 days	72–77%	[38]
PAHs: Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene (6 mg/kg)	Soil microcosms	Surfactant-assisted biodegradation	Up to 35 days	72% for phenanthrene, 64% for fluoranthene, and 58% for pyrene at day 7	[39]
PAHs (1.5 g/kg)	Soil mesocosms	Bioaugmentation + biostimulation	56 days	99%	[40]
Diesel oil and diesel/biodiesel blends (1% v/w)	Soil microcosms	Bioaugmentation	64.5 weeks	88–97%	[41]
Pyrene (10 mg/kg)	Soil microcosms	Bioaugmentation + biosurfactant/surfactant-assisted biodegradation	10 days	60%	[42]
Diesel oil hydrocarbons (3 g/kg) + PAHs (400 μg/kg)	Weathered oily soil biopiles	Bioaugmentation + biostimulation + surfactant-assisted biodegradation	160 days	39% for diesel oil hydrocarbons and 32% for PAHs	[43]
Diesel oil (1% v/v)	Flask tests	Natural attenuation + autochthonous bioaugmentation	7 days	20–40%	[44]
Engine oil (39–41 g/kg TPH)	Soil microcosms	Natural attenuation + bioaugmentation + biostimulation	210 days	31–75%	[45]
Petroleum refinery waste (TPH at 144 g/kg)	Vial microcosms	Natural attenuation + bioaugmentation + biostimulation	120 days	57–75%	[46]