|
Contaminant | Mode of test | Removal mechanism | Duration | Efficiency | Reference |
|
Crude oil (TPH at 20 g/kg) | Soil microcosms | Bioaugmentation + biostimulation | 30 days | 36–51% | [35] |
Crude oil (either 20 g/kg or 50 g/kg) | Field study in soil | Biostimulation + surfactant-assisted biodegradation | 486 days | 49–62% | [36] |
Crude oil (20 g/kg) | Bioreactors with soil | Natural attenuation + bioaugmentation + biostimulation | 60 days | 51–90% | [37] |
PAHs (574 mg/kg) | Soil microcosms | Surfactant-assisted biodegradation | 84 days | 72–77% | [38] |
PAHs: Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene (6 mg/kg) | Soil microcosms | Surfactant-assisted biodegradation | Up to 35 days | 72% for phenanthrene, 64% for fluoranthene, and 58% for pyrene at day 7 | [39] |
PAHs (1.5 g/kg) | Soil mesocosms | Bioaugmentation + biostimulation | 56 days | 99% | [40] |
Diesel oil and diesel/biodiesel blends (1% v/w) | Soil microcosms | Bioaugmentation | 64.5 weeks | 88–97% | [41] |
Pyrene (10 mg/kg) | Soil microcosms | Bioaugmentation + biosurfactant/surfactant-assisted biodegradation | 10 days | 60% | [42] |
Diesel oil hydrocarbons (3 g/kg) + PAHs (400 μg/kg) | Weathered oily soil biopiles | Bioaugmentation + biostimulation + surfactant-assisted biodegradation | 160 days | 39% for diesel oil hydrocarbons and 32% for PAHs | [43] |
Diesel oil (1% v/v) | Flask tests | Natural attenuation + autochthonous bioaugmentation | 7 days | 20–40% | [44] |
Engine oil (39–41 g/kg TPH) | Soil microcosms | Natural attenuation + bioaugmentation + biostimulation | 210 days | 31–75% | [45] |
Petroleum refinery waste (TPH at 144 g/kg) | Vial microcosms | Natural attenuation + bioaugmentation + biostimulation | 120 days | 57–75% | [46] |
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