|
Compound | Mechanism | Cancer type | Role of autophagy | References |
|
Inducers of autophagy | | | | |
AZD8055 | Inhibits mTORC1 activity | Nonsmall cell lung cancer | Prodeath | [34] |
Bortezomib | Blocks Bax degradation | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Prodeath | [35] |
Bufalin | Synergizes with JNK pathway and increases expression of TNF, BECN-1, MAPK, and ATG8 | Liver cancer Colorectal cancer | Prodeath Prodeath | [36] [37] |
Chlorpromazine | Inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | Brain cancer | Prodeath | [38] |
Cisplatin | Activation of AMPK signaling pathway | Liver cancer | Prodeath | [39] |
Compound C (Dorsomorphin) | Inhibits AMPK activity | Colorectal cancer | Prodeath | [40] |
Everolimus | Inhibits mTORC1 activity | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Prostate cancer | Prodeath Prodeath | [41] [42] |
Fangchinoline | Transactivation of sestrin2 gene, leading to AMPK signaling activation | Liver cancer | Prodeath | [43] |
Imatinib | Increases expression of Beclin-1 and ATG5 | Chronic myeloid leukemia Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | Prodeath Prosurvival | [44] [45] |
Nilotinib | Induces PP2A-regulated AMPK phosphorylation and activation | Liver cancer | Prodeath | [46] |
Obatoclax (GX15-070) | Induces ATG5-dependent autophagic cell death | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Prodeath | [47] |
Pemetrexed | Increases levels of Akt, p70 S6K, and/or phosphorylated-mTOR | Nonsmall cell lung cancer | Prodeath | [48] |
Perifosine | Inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | Chronic myeloid leukemia | Prosurvival | [49] |
PI-103 hydrochloride | Inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | Brain cancer | Prodeath | [50] |
PP242 | Inhibits mTORC1 activity | Multiple cancers | Prodeath | [51] |
Resveratrol | Accumulation of intracellular calcium and activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway | Nonsmall cell lung cancer | Prodeath | [52] |
Safingol | Increases ROS and/or AMPK activation Inhibits PKCs and PI3K pathway directly | Breast cancer Colorectal cancer | Prodeath Prodeath | [53] [54] |
Salinomycin | Increases ER stress via ATF4-DDIT3/CHOP-TRIB3-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway | Nonsmall cell lung cancer | Prodeath | [55] |
Sodium selenite | Activates Nrf2 Dephosphorylates PP2A and lead to DAPK activation | Nonsmall cell lung cancer Promyelocytic leukemia | Prosurvival Prodeath | [56] [57] |
Sorafenib SC-59 (Sorafenib derivative) | Inhibits phospho-STAT3 signaling pathway and reduces expression of myeloid cell leukemia (MCL-1), which disrupts Beclin-1-Mcl-1 complex | Brain, breast, liver, and lung cancers | Prodeath Prodeath | [48] [58] |
STF-62247 | PI3K signaling pathway and golgi trafficking | VHL-deficient renal cancer | Prodeath | [33] |
Temsirolimus | Inhibits mTORC1 activity | Mantle cell lymphoma | Prodeath | [59] |
Torin-1 | ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor that inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 directly | Multiple cancers | Prodeath | [60] |
Wogonin | Inhibits p70S6K/Akt pathway | Nasopharyngeal cancer | Prodeath | [61] |
|
Inhibitors of autophagy | | | | |
3-Methyladenine (3-MA) | Inhibits PI3K signaling pathway | Colorectal cancer Esophageal cancer | Prosurvival Prosurvival | [62] [63] |
Bafilomycin A1 | Prevents fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes by acting as a V-ATPase inhibitor | Breast cancer Colorectal cancer | Prosurvival Prosurvival | [64] [65] |
Chloroquine | Inhibits lysosomal acidification and prevents fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes | Brain cancer Colorectal cancer | Prosurvival Prosurvival | [66] [67] |
Lucanthone | Induces vacuolization and interferes with lysosomal function | Breast cancer | Prodeath | [68] |
Spautin-1 | Promotes ubiquitylation of Beclin-1 | Breast cancer | Prodeath | [69] |
|