Review Article

A Review of the Potential Utility of Mycophenolate Mofetil as a Cancer Therapeutic

Table 2

Antitumorgenicity of MMF in preclinical studies.

Cell linesAnimal modelsEffectsSuggested pathways/regulatorsReferences

T-lymphoblast (A3.01)
T-cell leukemia (Molt-4 )
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (CaPan-2)
Non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma (CaLu-3)
Colon adenocarcinoma (LS174T and T84)
Daudi (B-cell lymphoma)
Tumor xenograftsInhibition of subcutaneous tumor growthTresssler et al., 1994 [27]

Lymphoma cells (RAQ 117-H10)Murine model of metastasis (BALB/c) Increased survival of animalsTressler et al., 1994 [27]

Prostate cancer (DU145)Cell cycle arrest and induction of differentiation Floryk and Huberman 2006 [28]

Neuroblastoma (LAN5, SHEP 5, and IMR32) Induction of differentiation and apoptosis(i) GTP depletion (differentiation)
(ii) P53 (apoptosis)
Messina et al., 2004 [29]

Multiple myeloma (RPMI8226 and RPMI8226-HAMcl )
Primary multiple myeloma cells
Induction of apoptosis(i) GTP depletion
(ii) Cytochrome c release
(iii) Caspase activation
Takebe et al., 2006 [30]

Imatinib and nilotinib resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (K562)Induction of apoptosisDrullion et al., 2012 [31]

Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7)Induction of differentiationPPARγZheng et al., 2011 [32]

Mouse colon adenocarcinoma (CT26 )
Melanoma (B16)
Human gastric adenocarcinoma (TMK1)
Inhibition of tumor cell growth and angiogenesisKoehl et al., 2007 [33]

Colon carcinoma (HT-29)
Prostate cancer (DU145)
Reduction of cell adhesionBeta 1 integrinEngl et al., 2005 [34]

WiDr colon adenocarcinoma
T cells
Reduction of cell adhesionLeckel et al., 2003 [35]

Glioblastoma cells (U87) BALB/c nude mice Inhibition of tumor cell growth in xenograft model but not in vitro MYC signalingDomhan et al., 2008 [36]

Pancreatic cell lines (MiaPaCa and Panc-1)Sensitization of gemcitabineTGF-beta-1 Tuncyurek et al., 2007 [37]