The Impact of Presentation Modality on Perceptions of Truthful and Deceptive Confessions

Table 1

Behavioural coding of truthful and deceptive confessions: means and standard deviations.

Behaviour	Truthful confession	Deceptive confession	𝑃-value
Pauses	6.89 (4.13)	6.79 (6.29)	0.970
Speech hesitations	19.46 (9.26)	17.46 (6.19)	0.540
Speech errors	7.83 (4.04)	10.25 (4.94)	0.203
Illustrators	43.04 (26.71)	45.25 (21.87)	0.827
Eye blinks	110.79 (62.58)	94.29 (48.16)	0.477
Smiling	12.00 (9.38)	8.17 (7.02)	0.269
Gaze aversion	124.08 (55.99)	101.58 (48.56)	0.304

Note. Frequency counts were employed for all coded behaviours except gaze aversion, which was coded as the number of seconds the speaker looked away. Standard deviations are displayed in parentheses.