Victimization, Urbanicity, and the Relevance of Context: School Routines, Race and Ethnicity, and Adolescent Violence
Table 1
Descriptive statistics for study variables.
Variables
Range
Urban schools
Rural schools
Suburban schools
Total
M (SD)
M (SD)
M (SD)
M (SD)
Student level
Dependent
Adolescent victimization
0-1
.31 (.46)
.35 (.47)
.34 (.47)
.33 (.47)
Routine activities
School-based academic
0–5
.47 (.81)*
.62 (.87)*
.54 (.85)
.54 (.85)
School-based sport
0–8
.81 (1.28)*
1.09 (1.29)*
1.03 (1.32)
.84 (1.18)
School-based club
0–4
.33 (.72)*
.43 (.72)*
.39 (.73)
.38 (.73)
School-based misbehavior
0–10
1.60 (1.92)*
1.28 (1.79)
1.34 (1.79)
1.40 (1.83)
Race and ethnicity
Black/African American
0-1
.26 (.44)*
.09 (.29)*
.13 (.33)
.16 (.36)
Latino American
0-1
.26 (.43)*
.07 (.25)*
.16 (.36)
.17 (.37)
Asian American
0-1
.17 (.38)*
.03 (.17)*
.12 (.32)
.11 (.32)
White American
0-1
.30 (.45)*
.80 (.39)*
.60 (.49)
.57 (.50)
Student characteristics
Male
0-1
.49 (50)
.49 (.50)
.50 (.50)
.49 (.50)
Educational achievement
21.50–79.94
47.64 (10.10)*
50.43 (9.47)
50.35 (10.08)
49.62 (10.03)
Family socioeconomic Status
−2.11–1.98
−.19 (.73)*
−.09 (.64)*
−.01 (.72)
−.08 (.71)
Family structure (two parent/guardian)
0-1
.69 (.46)*
.79 (.40)
.78 (.41)
.75 (.43)
Parental involvement
0–8
4.67 (2.96)*
5.17 (2.79)
5.15 (2.70)
5.02 (2.79)
School level
Security
0–11
3.54 (2.68)*
3.50 (1.95)*
3.63 (2.27)
3.58 (2.33)
Extra security for activities
0-1
.93 (.20)
.83 (.37)*
.97 (.17)*
.93 (.25)
Social disorder
0–19
13.43 (1.37)*
11.95 (1.76)*
12.93 (1.63)
12.84 (1.68)
School characteristics
Poverty
0–100
34.45 (20.31)*
20.95 (15.85)
21.60 (17.11)
25.03 (18.71)
Size
50–4,630
1782.77 (757.97)*
984.61 (898.72)*
1394.70 (759.20)
1410.51 (839.52)
Percent black/African American students
0–100
30.87 (.29)*
10.17 (.16)*
15.37 (.22)
18.51 (.24)
Percent Latino American students
0–98
23.15 (.25)*
7.05 (.16)*
12.25 (.20)
14.11 (.21)
Percent Asian American students
0–81
7.51 (.12)*
2.33 (.07)*
5.01 (.11)
5.10 (.10)
Percent white American students
0–100
37.72 (.29)*
78.38 (.24)*
65.72 (.29)
60.79 (.32)
. Significance tests are based on chi-square tests (for dummy variables) and Welch’s t-tests (for continuous variables), and verified with nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests.
